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510(k) Data Aggregation

    K Number
    K230317
    Date Cleared
    2023-09-01

    (207 days)

    Product Code
    Regulation Number
    872.3630
    Why did this record match?
    Device Name :

    Elos Accurate Hybrid Base

    AI/MLSaMDIVD (In Vitro Diagnostic)TherapeuticDiagnosticis PCCP AuthorizedThirdpartyExpeditedreview
    Intended Use

    The Elos Accurate® Hybrid Base™ is intended for attaching to dental implants in order to provide basis for single or multiple tooth prosthetic restorations. The Hybrid Base™ is used as an interface between a dental implant and a zirconia superstructure and will be attached to the implant using a prosthetic screw and attached to the zirconia superstructure by cementing. The Elos Accurate® Hybrid Base™ is compatible with the implant systems listed in table 1:

    | Implant Platform compatibility | Platform diameter
    [mm] | Implant Body diameter
    [mm] |
    |--------------------------------|---------------------------|--------------------------------|
    | Zimmer Screw-vent 3.5 | Ø3.5 | Ø3.7/Ø4.1 |
    | Zimmer Screw-vent 4.5 | Ø4.5 | Ø4.7 |
    | Zimmer Screw-vent 5.7 | Ø5.7 | Ø6.0 |
    | Biomet 3i Certain 3.4 | Ø3.4 | Ø3.25 |
    | Biomet 3i Certain 4.1 | Ø4.1 | Ø4 |
    | Biomet 3i Certain 5.0 | Ø5 | Ø5 |
    | Biomet 3i Certain 6.0 | Ø6 | Ø6 |
    | Straumann Standard RN | Ø4.8 | Ø3.3/Ø4.1/Ø4.8 |
    | Straumann Standard WN | Ø6.5 | Ø4.8 |
    | Neodent GM | Ø3.5/Ø4.5/Ø5.5/Ø 6.5 | Ø3.5/Ø3.75/Ø4/Ø4.3/Ø 5/Ø 6/Ø 7 |
    | Hiossen ET Mini | Ø3.2/Ø3.5 | Ø3.2/Ø3.5 |
    | Hiossen ET Regular | Ø4/Ø4.5/Ø5/ Ø5.5/Ø6/Ø7 | Ø4/Ø4.5/Ø5/ Ø5.5/Ø6/Ø7 |

    The zirconia superstructures for use with the Elos Accurate® Hybrid Base™ are either intended to be sent and manufactured at an FDA registered Elos Medtech approved milling facility or to be designed and manufactured according to digital dentistry workflow system integrates multiple components of the digital dentistry workflow: scan files from Intra-Oral Scanners, CAD software, CAM software, ceramic material, milling machine and associated tooling and accessories.

    Device Description

    The Elos Accurate® Hybrid Base™ is intended for attaching to dental implants in order to provide basis for single or multiple tooth prosthetic restorations. The Hybrid Base™ is used as an interface between a dental implant and a zirconia superstructure and will be attached to the implant using the included prosthetic screw and attached to the zirconia superstructure by cementing. The Elos Accurate® Hybrid Base™ is a two-piece abutment composed of the Hybrid Base as the bottomhalf and the zirconia superstructure as the top-half, which when assembled comprises the final finished medical device.

    The Elos Accurate® Hybrid Base™ consists of a pre-manufactured prosthetic component in Titanium alloy per ASTM F136, as well as supporting digital library file for 510(k) cleared design software (3Shape Abutment Designer™ Software, K151455) which facilitates the design of a patient specific zirconia superstructure by the laboratory/clinician. The Elos Accurate® Hybrid Base™ fits directly to an endosseous dental implant. The laboratory designed superstructure is manufactured from 510(k) cleared Zirconia (Lava Plus, K011394) according to digital dentistry workflow. For all Elos Accurate® Hybrid Base™ models the zirconia superstructure must be designed according to following limits:

      1. Minimum wall thickness 0.5 mm
      1. Minimum post height 4.0 mm (for single unit restorations)
      1. Maximum gingival height 5.0 mm (min. GH of 0.5mm)
      1. Maximum angulation 20°

    The laboratory designed superstructure is attached to the Elos Accurate® Hybrid Base by use of 510(k) cleared cement (Multilink Hybrid Abutment, K130436 or Panavia V5, K150704) and the final prosthetic restoration is attached to the implant using a Prosthetic screw.

    The Elos Accurate® Hybrid Bas has a gold-colored anodized surface to increase the esthetics of the dental restoration - the same surface as in predicate device K201860.

    Some of the prosthetic screws are uncoated and two screws are Medicarb coated, identical to the Medicarb coating in predicate device K201860. The subject uncoated screws are compatible with implant platforms Zimmer Screw-vent, Biomet 3i, Neodent GM and Straumann Standard RN and WN. The subject Medicarb coated screws are compatible with the implant platforms Hiossen ET Mini and ET Regular. The purpose of the coating is to lower friction in the thread connection and the screw seat connection.

    The Elos Accurate® Hybrid Base™ is delivered non-sterile and the final restoration and corresponding screw is intended to be sterilized at the dental clinic before it is placed in the patient.

    AI/ML Overview

    The Elos Accurate® Hybrid Base™ is a dental device intended for attaching to dental implants to provide a basis for single or multiple tooth prosthetic restorations. It acts as an interface between a dental implant and a zirconia superstructure.

    Here's a breakdown of the acceptance criteria and supporting studies:

    1. Table of Acceptance Criteria and Reported Device Performance:
    Acceptance Criteria (Demonstrates Substantial Equivalence)Reported Device Performance
    Intended Use (Support of a prosthesis to restore chewing function)Substantially equivalent to predicate.
    Abutment Designs (2-piece - zirconia bonded to hybrid base mounted on implant and fixed with a screw)Substantially equivalent to predicate.
    Prosthesis Attachment (Abutment screw-retained to implant, superstructure cement-retained)Substantially equivalent to predicate.
    Restoration (Single-unit, Multi-unit)Substantially equivalent to predicate.
    Abutment/Implant Platform Diameter (mm) (Up to 7.0mm, larger than predicate (3.0-6.0mm) but not a new worst-case)Subject device supports 3.2 - 7.0mm implant diameters. The larger diameter does not represent a new worst-case scenario and thereby affects the safety of the product.
    Abutment Angle (20° maximum)Substantially equivalent to predicate (20° maximum).
    Materials - Abutment (Ti-6Al-4V alloy)Substantially equivalent to predicate.
    Materials - Screw (Ti-6Al-4V alloy)Substantially equivalent to predicate.
    Materials - Zirconia superstructure (3M Lava zirconia)Substantially equivalent to predicate.
    Surface - Abutment (Anodized)Subject abutment is anodized, identical to predicate.
    Surface - Screw (Non-coated, Medicarb coated)Medicarb coating identical to predicate. Mechanical performance demonstrated in fatigue testing.
    Design Workflow (3Shape intra oral scanner, 3Shape Abutment Designer Software, K151455)Substantially equivalent; specific new digital libraries validated as part of the submission.
    Manufacturing Workflow (CORITEC milling unit)Substantially equivalent.
    Fatigue Testing (Per ISO 14801, FDA guidance)Performed on subject devices, demonstrating equivalence with predicate devices.
    Engineering and Dimensional Analysis (For compatibility with original manufacturers' components)Performed on subject devices, confirming compatibility.
    Sterilization Validation (Per ISO 17665-1 & ISO 17665-2, SAL of 10^-6)Demonstrated for the device.
    Biocompatibility (Per ISO 10993-1, ISO 10993-5 - Cytotoxicity)Cytotoxicity test performed on a complete restoration, showing non-cytotoxic. Leveraged from previously cleared products.
    MR Conditional LabelingLeveraged from predicate devices (K222044).
    1. Sample Size Used for the Test Set and the Data Provenance:

      • Fatigue Testing: "fatigue testing was performed on the subject devices per ISO 14801." The exact number of samples tested per device type is not specified but implied to be sufficient for ISO 14801 compliance.
      • Engineering and Dimensional Analysis: Performed on "original manufactures' components (abutments, implants & abutment screws)." The number of components is not specified.
      • Digital Dentistry Workflow Validation/Design Limitation Test: "The digital dentistry workflow validation was completed on selected models of subject product line" and "A design limitation test is performed...". Number of models/tests not specified.
      • Biocompatibility (Cytotoxicity): A cytotoxicity test was performed on "a complete restoration produced via the described validated workflow." Exact number of samples not specified.
      • Data Provenance: Not explicitly stated, but the testing appears to be conducted by or for the manufacturer (Elos Medtech Pinol A/S). No information is given about the country of origin of the data or if it was retrospective or prospective in the context of clinical studies (as this is a non-clinical submission).
    2. Number of Experts Used to Establish the Ground Truth for the Test Set and the Qualifications of Those Experts:

      • This submission focuses on non-clinical testing and substantial equivalence to predicate devices based on engineering and performance standards. There is no mention of "experts" establishing ground truth in the context of diagnostic performance or clinical outcomes. The "ground truth" for the engineering and material properties would be established by validated test methods and established standards (e.g., ISO 14801, ISO 10993).
    3. Adjudication Method for the Test Set:

      • Not applicable. This is a non-clinical submission based on engineering tests and standards, not a clinical study requiring adjudication of diagnostic results.
    4. If a multi reader multi case (MRMC) comparative effectiveness study was done, If so, what was the effect size of how much human readers improve with AI vs without AI assistance:

      • No MRMC study was mentioned or performed. This device is a dental implant component, not an AI-assisted diagnostic tool.
    5. If a standalone (i.e. algorithm only without human-in-the-loop performance) was done:

      • Not applicable. This is a physical medical device, not an algorithm.
    6. The type of ground truth used (expert consensus, pathology, outcomes data, etc.):

      • The "ground truth" in this context refers to established engineering standards, material properties, and performance requirements for dental implant abutments. This includes:
        • ISO 14801: "Dentistry – Implants – Dynamic fatigue test for endosseous dental implants" for fatigue testing.
        • ISO 17665-1 & ISO 17665-2: For sterilization validation.
        • ISO 10993-1 & ISO 10993-5: For biocompatibility (cytotoxicity).
        • Engineering and dimensional analysis: Based on specifications of original manufacturers' components.
    7. The sample size for the training set:

      • Not applicable. This device is not an AI/machine learning product and does not have a "training set." The closest analogy could be the design and manufacturing parameters used to create the device, which are based on established engineering principles and prior device knowledge.
    8. How the ground truth for the training set was established:

      • Not applicable, as there is no "training set" for this type of medical device. The design and manufacturing are based on established engineering principles and validation against performance standards.
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    K Number
    K201860
    Date Cleared
    2021-02-19

    (228 days)

    Product Code
    Regulation Number
    872.3630
    Reference & Predicate Devices
    Why did this record match?
    Device Name :

    Elos Accurate Hybrid Base

    AI/MLSaMDIVD (In Vitro Diagnostic)TherapeuticDiagnosticis PCCP AuthorizedThirdpartyExpeditedreview
    Intended Use

    The Elos Accurate® Hybrid Base™ is intended for attaching to dental implants in order to provide basis for single or multiple tooth prosthetic restorations. The Hybrid Base™ is used as an interface between a dental implant and a zirconia superstructure and will be attached to the implant using a prosthetic screw and attached to the zirconia superstructure by cementing.

    The Elos Accurate® Hybrid Base™ is compatible with the implant systems listed in table 1:

    Implant Platform compatibilityPlatform diameter [mm]Implant Body diameter [mm]
    Nobel Replace NP3.53.5
    Nobel Replace RP4.34.3
    Nobel Replace WP55
    Nobel Replace 6.066
    Nobel OC 3.033
    Nobel CC NP3.53.5 & 3.75
    Nobel OC RP3.94.3 & 5
    Nobel CC WP5.15.5
    Straumann Bone Level NC3.33.3
    Straumann Bone Level RC4.1 & 4.84.1 & 4.8
    Astra Tech 3.033
    Astra Tech 3.5/4.03.5 & 43.5 & 4
    Astra Tech 4.5/5.04.5 & 54.5 & 5
    Astra Tech EV 3.033
    Astra Tech EV 3.63.63.6
    Astra Tech EV 4.24.23.6 & 4.2
    Astra Tech EV 4.84.84.2 & 4.8
    Astra Tech EV 5.45.45.4
    Brånemark NP3.53.3
    Brånemark RP4.13.75, 4 & 5
    Brånemark WP5.15 & 6

    The zirconia superstructures for use with the Elos Accurate® Hybrid Base™ are only intended to be designed and manufactured according to digital dentistry workflow system integrates multiple components of the digital dentistry workflow: scan files from Intra-Oral Scanners, CAD software, CAM software, ceramic material, milling machine and associated tooling and accessories.

    Device Description

    The Elos Accurate® Hybrid Base™ is intended for attaching to dental implants in order to provide basis for single or multiple tooth prosthetic restorations. The Hybrid Base™ is used as an interface between a dental implant and a zirconia superstructure and will be attached to the implant using the included prosthetic screw and attached to the zirconia superstructure by cementing. The Elos Accurate® Hybrid Base™ is a two-piece abutment composed of the Hybrid Base as the bottom-half and the zirconia superstructure as the top-half.

    The Elos Accurate® Hybrid Base™ consists of a pre-manufactured prosthetic component in Titanium alloy per ASTM F136, as well as supporting digital library file for 510(k) cleared design software (i.e. 3Shape Abutment Designer Software, K151455) which facilitates the design of a patient specific zirconia superstructure by the laboratory/clinician. The Elos Accurate® Hybrid Base™ fits directly to an endosseous dental implant. The laboratory designed superstructure is manufactured from 510(k) cleared Zirconia (Lava Plus, K011394) according to digital dentistry workflow. For all Elos Accurate® Hybrid Base™ models the zirconia superstructure must be designed according to following limits:

    1. Minimum wall thickness 0.5 mm
    2. Minimum post height 4.0 mm (for single unit restorations)
    3. Maximum gingival height 5.0 mm
    4. Maximum angulation 20°

    The laboratory designed superstructure is attached to the Elos Accurate® Hybrid Base by use of 510(k) cleared cement (Multilink Hybrid Abutment, K130436) and the final prosthetic restoration is attached to the implant using a Prosthetic screw. The Elos Accurate® Hybrid Base™ is delivered non-sterile and the final restoration and corresponding screw is intended to be sterilized at the dental clinic before it is placed in the patient.

    AI/ML Overview

    The provided text describes the regulatory clearance of a dental device, the "Elos Accurate® Hybrid Base™", through a 510(k) premarket notification. This process is based on demonstrating substantial equivalence to previously marketed predicate devices, rather than proving safety and effectiveness through clinical trials with acceptance criteria traditionally associated with new drug or high-risk device approvals.

    Therefore, the document does not contain information on acceptance criteria for device performance in the classical sense (e.g., sensitivity, specificity, accuracy for an AI/diagnostic device), nor does it describe a study to prove the device meets these types of acceptance criteria.

    Instead, the "acceptance criteria" here refer to the regulatory requirements for demonstrating substantial equivalence. The "study that proves the device meets the acceptance criteria" refers to the non-clinical testing and analyses performed to support this substantial equivalence claim.

    Here's a breakdown of the requested information based on the provided text, highlighting where information is absent or different from a typical AI/diagnostic device performance study:

    1. Table of Acceptance Criteria and Reported Device Performance

    As noted, the document doesn't define quantitative performance acceptance criteria like sensitivity/specificity for a diagnostic. The "acceptance criteria" for this 510(k) submission are met by demonstrating:

    Acceptance Criterion (Regulatory)Reported "Performance" / Evidence Presented
    Intended Use EquivalenceSubject device has the same intended use as predicate: "attaching to dental implants in order to provide basis for single or multiple tooth prosthetic restorations."
    Operating Principle EquivalenceUses the same operating principle as predicate.
    Basic Design EquivalenceIncorporates the same basic design (two-piece abutment, titanium alloy base, zirconia superstructure).
    Material EquivalenceIncorporates same or very similar materials (Ti-6Al-4V alloy for Hybrid Base and screw, 3M Lava Plus Zirconia for superstructure, specific cement).
    Sterilization Process EquivalenceTo be sterilized using the same processes (non-sterile delivery, final restoration sterilized at dental clinic).
    Dimensional and Compatibility EquivalenceEngineering and dimensional analyses of original manufacturers' components (abutments, implants & abutment screws) were made to determine nominal dimensions and tolerances and ensure compatibility with listed implant systems.
    Fatigue Resistance (Mechanical Performance)Fatigue testing per ISO 14801 was performed according to FDA guidance.
    BiocompatibilityBiocompatibility testing for cytotoxicity according to ISO 10993-5 was performed. Previous 510(k) cleared products sharing identical manufacturing processes and materials also showed non-cytotoxicity.
    Digital Workflow ValidationValidation of the digital dentistry workflow (scanner, design software, milling unit) with the subject product line, ensuring design limits are enforced by the software.

    2. Sample Sized Used for the Test Set and the Data Provenance

    • Test Set Sample Size: The document does not specify a "test set" in the context of clinical data for performance evaluation (e.g., a set of medical images). The "testing" refers to mechanical and biocompatibility tests of the device components.
      • For fatigue testing (ISO 14801): The sample size for this mechanical test is not explicitly stated in the provided text.
      • For biocompatibility (cytotoxicity ISO 10993-5): "a complete restoration produced via the described validated workflow was performed." The exact number of samples tested is not specified.
      • For engineering and dimensional analysis: The number of components analyzed is not specified.
    • Data Provenance: The document does not mention human subject data or data provenance like country of origin or retrospective/prospective studies. The testing is described as non-clinical (mechanical, material, software validation).

    3. Number of Experts Used to Establish the Ground Truth for the Test Set and the Qualifications of Those Experts

    • This question is not applicable as the document describes non-clinical testing of a dental implant component, not a diagnostic or AI device requiring expert-established ground truth from patient data.

    4. Adjudication Method for the Test Set

    • This question is not applicable for the same reasons as point 3.

    5. If a Multi-Reader Multi-Case (MRMC) Comparative Effectiveness Study was done, If so, what was the effect size of how much human readers improve with AI vs without AI assistance

    • This question is not applicable as the device is not an AI software intended to assist human readers. It is a physical dental implant component.

    6. If a Standalone (i.e. algorithm only without human-in-the-loop performance) was done

    • This question is not applicable as the device is a physical component, not an algorithm.

    7. The Type of Ground Truth Used

    • For the non-clinical tests:
      • Mechanical Integrity (Fatigue): Ground truth is defined by the performance standards of ISO 14801, which sets limits for mechanical failure under specific loading conditions.
      • Biocompatibility (Cytotoxicity): Ground truth is defined by the standards of ISO 10993-5, determining if the material elicits a cytotoxic response.
      • Dimensional Accuracy/Compatibility: Ground truth is defined by engineering specifications and measurements of existing implant systems and the device itself.

    8. The Sample Size for the Training Set

    • This question is not applicable as there is no "training set" of data in the context of machine learning for this physical device.

    9. How the Ground Truth for the Training Set was Established

    • This question is not applicable for the same reasons as point 8.

    In summary, the provided text details a regulatory submission for a physical dental device, focusing on demonstrating substantial equivalence through non-clinical testing (mechanical, material, digital workflow validation) rather than complex diagnostic performance studies common for AI or imaging devices.

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    K Number
    K191919
    Date Cleared
    2020-02-10

    (207 days)

    Product Code
    Regulation Number
    872.3630
    Why did this record match?
    Device Name :

    Elos Accurate Hybrid Base

    AI/MLSaMDIVD (In Vitro Diagnostic)TherapeuticDiagnosticis PCCP AuthorizedThirdpartyExpeditedreview
    Intended Use

    The Elos Accurate® Hybrid Base™ is intended for attaching to dental implants in order to provide basis for single or multiple tooth prosthetic restorations. The Hybrid Base™ is used as an interface between a dental implant and a zirconia superstructure and will be attached to the implant using the included prosthetic screw and attached to the zirconia superstructure by cementing.

    The Elos Accurate® Hybrid Base™ is compatible with the implant systems listed in Table 1.

    All digitally designed zirconia superstructures for use with the Elos Accurate® Hybrid Base™ are only intended to be sent and manufactured at an FDA registered Elos Medtech approved milling facility.

    Device Description

    The Elos Accurate Hybrid Base is a titanium base designed to interface with a dental implant and to support a patient-specific ceramic superstructure or a multi-unit direct restoration cemented to the base. The base and the superstructure form a patient-specific abutment that will support a definitive restoration, either a single crown or a multi-unit restoration. The Elos Accurate Hybrid Base Engaging is intended for single-unit restorations and Elos Accurate Hybrid Base Nonengaging is intended for multi-unit restorations. Alternatively, a definitive multi-unit restoration may be cemented directly to the Elos Accurate Hybrid Base.

    Manufacture of the final finished device will be at an Elos Medtech-approved milling facility that is registered with FDA as a medical device manufacturer and is qualified as a contract manufacturer to Elos Medtech.

    This submission includes a two-piece abutment (titanium base and zirconia superstructure) and abutment screws compatible with OEM implants from Dentsply Implants (Astra Tech TX, Astra Tech EV), Nobel Biocare (Nobel Active/Conical Connection and Nobel Replace) and Institut Straumann (Straumann Bone Level NC and RC).

    Abutments compatible with Astra Tech implants are available in engaging (anti-rotational) designs, and all others are available in both engaging and non-engaging designs.

    AI/ML Overview

    This document is a 510(k) Premarket Notification from the FDA regarding the "Elos Accurate® Hybrid Base" dental implant device. It primarily focuses on demonstrating substantial equivalence to a predicate device, rather than proving the device meets specific performance criteria through a study with acceptance criteria.

    Therefore, the information required to directly answer some of your questions, particularly those related to the performance study design for an AI/ML-based medical device (e.g., sample size for test/training sets, expert consensus, MRMC studies, ground truth establishment for AI models), is not present in this document. This is because the device in question is a physical dental implant component, not an AI/ML algorithm.

    However, I can extract the relevant information regarding the performance data provided for this physical device.

    Here's a breakdown based on the provided document:

    1. A table of acceptance criteria and the reported device performance

    The document does not present a formal table of acceptance criteria and reported device performance in the way an AI/ML device submission would. Instead, it states that substantial equivalence is demonstrated through:

    • Biocompatibility evaluation and confirmatory cytotoxicity testing: According to ISO 10993-5 (Biological evaluation of medical devices - Part 5: Tests for in vitro cytotoxicity).
    • Dynamic compression-bending testing: According to ISO 14801 (Dentistry - Implants - Dynamic fatigue test for endosseous dental implants).
    • Engineering and dimensional analysis: To confirm compatibility with OEM implant bodies, OEM abutments, and OEM abutment fixation screws.
    • Sterilization validation: In accordance with ISO 17665-1 and ISO 17665-2.

    Reported Performance/Demonstration:

    • "Substantial equivalence with regard to compatibility with OEM components is supported by engineering and dimensional analysis of OEM implant bodies, OEM abutments and OEM abutment fixation screws to confirm compatibility."
    • "Substantial equivalence with regard to mechanical performance is supported by dynamic testing according to ISO 14801 Dentistry – Implants – Dynamic fatigue test for endosseous dental implants."
    • "The coatings used on selected screws are identical to coatings on previously cleared devices."
    • "Sterilization validation of the reprocessing instructions were conducted in accordance to ISO 17665-1 and ISO 17665-2."
    • "Minor differences in the designs, dimensions, sizes, or compatible OEM implant lines... do not affect substantial equivalence. These minor differences... are related to the compatible OEM implant designs or are mitigated by the mechanical performance testing."

    2. Sample sized used for the test set and the data provenance (e.g. country of origin of the data, retrospective or prospective)

    • Sample Size: Not specified for any of the non-clinical tests (biocompatibility, dynamic fatigue, engineering analysis, sterilization). The document indicates "No clinical data were included in this submission," further confirming that there wasn't a "test set" in the context of patient data for AI performance evaluation.
    • Data Provenance: Not applicable as it's not clinical data. The tests are laboratory-based.

    3. Number of experts used to establish the ground truth for the test set and the qualifications of those experts (e.g. radiologist with 10 years of experience)

    • Not applicable. This device is a physical component, not an AI/ML diagnostic tool requiring expert ground truth for image interpretation.

    4. Adjudication method (e.g. 2+1, 3+1, none) for the test set

    • Not applicable. As above, this is not a diagnostic study requiring adjudication.

    5. If a multi reader multi case (MRMC) comparative effectiveness study was done, If so, what was the effect size of how much human readers improve with AI vs without AI assistance

    • Not applicable. No clinical or human-in-the-loop study was conducted or required for this physical device.

    6. If a standalone (i.e. algorithm only without human-in-the-loop performance) was done

    • Not applicable. This is not an algorithm. The "performance data" refers to the physical and mechanical properties of the dental abutment.

    7. The type of ground truth used (expert consensus, pathology, outcomes data, etc)

    • For the non-clinical performance data, the "ground truth" or reference standards are the ISO standards themselves (ISO 10993-5, ISO 14801, ISO 17665-1, ISO 17665-2), and the engineering specifications/dimensions of OEM implant components for compatibility analysis. This is a technical ground truth based on established material science and mechanical engineering principles, rather than medical expert consensus or patient outcomes.

    8. The sample size for the training set

    • Not applicable. There is no "training set" in the context of an AI/ML model for this physical device.

    9. How the ground truth for the training set was established

    • Not applicable. As above, no training set for an AI/ML model.
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