(727 days)
The Clever Forehead Thermometer/Clever Medical Forehead Thermometer (TD-1241) is an infrared thermometer intended for the non-contact measurement of human body temperature in people of all ages and may be used by medical professionals or by consumers in a home environment.
The Clever Forehead Thermometer/Clever Medical Forehead Thermometer (TD-1241) is a handheld, battery powered, infrared forehead thermometer with a non-contact body temperature measuring function. It detects infrared energy emitted from forehead within 1.2 - 5 cm and converts to a body temperature. This device can be used on people of all ages by medical professionals and consumers in a home environment. The final measured temperature will be displayed on the LCD screen of the device. The users can transmit temperature results from the Clever Forehead Thermometer/Clever Medical Forehead Thermometer to Healthy Check on their mobile devices and Health care management system on pc via Bluetooth. The Healthy check and Health care management system provide an overview of users record with historical data and trend graph.
The provided text describes the regulatory submission for the Clever Forehead Thermometer/Clever Medical Forehead Thermometer (TD-1241). It includes information about non-clinical and clinical testing performed to demonstrate substantial equivalence to a predicate device.
Here's a breakdown of the requested information based on the provided text:
1. Table of Acceptance Criteria and Reported Device Performance
The core performance acceptance criteria for the device are related to its accuracy, as defined by ASTM E1965-98 (2016). The reported performance indicates compliance with this standard.
| Acceptance Criteria (Standard) | Reported Device Performance |
|---|---|
| Laboratory Accuracy | Meets ASTM E1965-98:2016 requirements |
| Clinical Accuracy | Meets ASTM E1965-98:2016 requirements; clinical bias with stated uncertainty and clinical repeatability were within clinical acceptability |
| Electrical Safety | Meets IEC 60601-1:2014 & IEC 60601-1-11:2015 |
| EMC | Meets IEC 60601-1-2:2014 |
| Storage Stability | Meets ASTM E1965-98:2016 requirements |
| Shock Test | Meets ASTM E1965-98:2016 requirements |
| Cleaning Procedure | Meets ASTM E1965-98:2016 requirements |
| Biocompatibility | Meets ISO 10993-1 |
| Software & Cybersecurity | Meets IEC 62304, ISO/IEC 12207, FDA Guidance (May 11, 2005), and FDA Cybersecurity Guidance (Oct 2018) |
2. Sample Size Used for the Test Set and Data Provenance
- Sample Size for Clinical Accuracy Test Set: 250 subjects.
- Data Provenance: The text does not explicitly state the country of origin. It does state that the study was "clinical accuracy testing," implying a prospective study where data was collected directly for the purpose of the study.
3. Number of Experts Used to Establish the Ground Truth for the Test Set and Qualifications
The text states that the clinical accuracy testing compared the Clever Forehead Thermometer/Clever Medical Forehead Thermometer with a "comparator method (WelchAllyn SureTemp PLUS model 690 Thermometer)." This implies that the ground truth was established by a reference device, rather than human experts. Therefore, the concept of "number of experts" or their qualifications is not applicable in this context.
4. Adjudication Method for the Test Set
The concept of an "adjudication method" (like 2+1 or 3+1) is typically used when human experts are disagreeing on a diagnosis or measurement, and a process is needed to resolve those disagreements to establish ground truth. Since the clinical accuracy study used a comparator device as the ground truth, an adjudication method is not described or applicable in this context.
5. Multi-Reader Multi-Case (MRMC) Comparative Effectiveness Study
No, an MRMC comparative effectiveness study was not reported. The study focused on the accuracy of the device itself against a comparator device, not on how human readers' performance improves with or without AI assistance.
6. Standalone Performance Done
Yes, a standalone performance study was done for the algorithm (the device itself). The "Clinical accuracy testing" directly evaluated the performance of the Clever Forehead Thermometer/Clever Medical Forehead Thermometer (TD-1241) against a comparator method (WelchAllyn SureTemp PLUS model 690 Thermometer) without human-in-the-loop assistance for interpretation.
7. Type of Ground Truth Used
The ground truth used for the clinical accuracy study was established by a comparator device, specifically the "WelchAllyn SureTemp PLUS model 690 Thermometer." This is a form of reference standard.
8. Sample Size for the Training Set
The provided text does not mention a training set sample size. This type of device (an infrared thermometer) typically relies on physical principles and calibration, not a machine learning model that requires a "training set" in the conventional sense of AI/ML. The "software and cybersecurity" section mentions "software life cycle processes" and "software verification and validation," implying traditional software development rather than AI/ML training.
9. How the Ground Truth for the Training Set Was Established
As there is no mention of a training set for an AI/ML model, the establishment of ground truth for a training set is not applicable based on the provided text. The device's calibration and accuracy are validated against physical standards and a comparator device.
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TaiDoc Technology Corporation Jacky Chou Regulatory Affairs Director 6F, No.127, Wugong 2nd Rd., Wugu District New Taipei City, 24888 TWN
April 5, 2022
Re: K200946
Trade/Device Name: Clever Forehead Thermometer / Clever Medical Forehead Thermometer (TD-1241) Regulation Number: 21 CFR 880.2910 Regulation Name: Clinical Electronic Thermometer Regulatory Class: Class II Product Code: FLL Dated: March 4, 2022 Received: March 7, 2022
Dear Jacky Chou:
We have reviewed your Section 510(k) premarket notification of intent to market the device referenced above and have determined the device is substantially equivalent (for the indications for use stated in the enclosure) to legally marketed predicate devices marketed in interstate commerce prior to May 28, 1976, the enactment date of the Medical Device Amendments, or to devices that have been reclassified in accordance with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (Act) that do not require approval of a premarket approval application (PMA). You may, therefore, market the device, subject to the general controls provisions of the Act. Although this letter refers to your product as a device, please be aware that some cleared products may instead be combination products. The 510(k) Premarket Notification Database located at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpmn/pmn.cfm identifies combination product submissions. The general controls provisions of the Act include requirements for annual registration, listing of devices, good manufacturing practice, labeling, and prohibitions against misbranding and adulteration. Please note: CDRH does not evaluate information related to contract liability warranties. We remind you, however, that device labeling must be truthful and not misleading.
If your device is classified (see above) into either class II (Special Controls) or class III (PMA), it may be subject to additional controls. Existing major regulations affecting your device can be found in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Parts 800 to 898. In addition, FDA may publish further announcements concerning your device in the Federal Register.
Please be advised that FDA's issuance of a substantial equivalence determination does not mean that FDA has made a determination that your device complies with other requirements of the Act or any Federal statutes and regulations administered by other Federal agencies. You must comply with all the Act's
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requirements, including, but not limited to: registration and listing (21 CFR Part 807); labeling (21 CFR Part 801); medical device reporting of medical device-related adverse events) (21 CFR 803) for devices or postmarketing safety reporting (21 CFR 4, Subpart B) for combination products (see https://www.fda.gov/combination-products/guidance-regulatory-information/postmarketing-safety-reportingcombination-products); good manufacturing practice requirements as set forth in the quality systems (OS) regulation (21 CFR Part 820) for devices or current good manufacturing practices (21 CFR 4, Subpart A) for combination products; and, if applicable, the electronic product radiation control provisions (Sections 531-542 of the Act); 21 CFR 1000-1050.
Also, please note the regulation entitled, "Misbranding by reference to premarket notification" (21 CFR Part 807.97). For questions regarding the reporting of adverse events under the MDR regulation (21 CFR Part 803), please go to https://www.fda.gov/medical-device-safety/medical-device-reportingmdr-how-report-medical-device-problems.
For comprehensive regulatory information about mediation-emitting products, including information about labeling regulations, please see Device Advice (https://www.fda.gov/medicaldevices/device-advice-comprehensive-regulatory-assistance) and CDRH Learn (https://www.fda.gov/training-and-continuing-education/cdrh-learn). Additionally, you may contact the Division of Industry and Consumer Education (DICE) to ask a question about a specific regulatory topic. See the DICE website (https://www.fda.gov/medical-device-advice-comprehensive-regulatoryassistance/contact-us-division-industry-and-consumer-education-dice) for more information or contact DICE by email (DICE@fda.hhs.gov) or phone (1-800-638-2041 or 301-796-7100).
Sincerely,
Payal Patel Assistant Director DHT3C: Division of Drug Delivery and General Hospital Devices, and Human Factors OHT3: Office of GastroRenal, ObGyn, General Hospital and Urology Devices Office of Product Evaluation and Quality Center for Devices and Radiological Health
Enclosure
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Indications for Use
510(k) Number (if known) K200946
Device Name
Clever Forehead Thermometer/Clever Medical Forehead Thermometer (TD-1241)
Indications for Use (Describe)
The Clever Forehead Thermometer/Clever Medical Forehead Thermometer (TD-1241) is an infrared thermometer intended for the non-contact measurement of human body temperature in people of all ages and may be used by medical professionals or by consumers in a home environment.
| Type of Use (Select one or both, as applicable) | |
|---|---|
| ------------------------------------------------- | -- |
Prescription Use (Part 21 CFR 801 Subpart D)
X Over-The-Counter Use (21 CFR 801 Subpart C)
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510(k) Summary
| Manufacturer | TaiDoc Technology Corporation |
|---|---|
| Address | 6F, No. 127, Wugong 2nd Rd. Wugu Dist.New Taipei City, Taiwan 24888 |
| Establishment Registration No. | 3004145393 |
| Date Prepared | March 23, 2022 |
| Correspondent | TaiDoc Technology Corporation |
| Correspondent Contact | Jacky Chou |
| Title | Regulatory Affairs Director |
| Phone | +886-2-6625-8188 |
Submitter information
Proposed Device Information
| Proprietary name | Clever Forehead Thermometer/Clever Medical ForeheadThermometer (TD-1241) |
|---|---|
| Common name | Clinical Electronic Thermometer |
| Product code | FLL |
| Classification panel | General Hospital |
| Classification | II |
| Regulation Number | 21 CFR §880.2910 |
Predicate Device Information
| Manufacturer | TaiDoc Technology Corporation |
|---|---|
| Proprietary Name | Caregiver Professional Clinical Thermometer, PRO-TF series(Model PRO-TF300) |
| Common Name | Clinical Electronic Thermometer |
| 510(k) Number | K131771 |
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Indications for use
The Clever Forehead Thermometer/Clever Medical Forehead Thermometer (TD-1241) is an infrared thermometer intended for the non-contact measurement of human body temperature in people of all ages and may be used by medical professionals or by consumers in a home environment.
Device Description
The Clever Forehead Thermometer/Clever Medical Forehead Thermometer (TD-1241) is a handheld, battery powered, infrared forehead thermometer with a non-contact body temperature measuring function. It detects infrared energy emitted from forehead within 1.2 - 5 cm and converts to a body temperature. This device can be used on people of all ages by medical professionals and consumers in a home environment. The final measured temperature will be displayed on the LCD screen of the device. The users can transmit temperature results from the Clever Forehead Thermometer/Clever Medical Forehead Thermometer to Healthy Check on their mobile devices and Health care management system on pc via Bluetooth. The Healthy check and Health care management system provide an overview of users record with historical data and trend graph.
Principle of Operation
The thermometer measures temperature by reading infrared radiation emitting from the forehead and converts it into a temperature value.
Comparison to the Predicate
The similarities and differences between the predicate and proposed devices are summarized in Table 1 below.
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| Characteristic | Predicate device: | Proposed device: | Comparison | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indications for use | Caregiver ProfessionalClinical Thermometer,PRO-TF series (ModelPRO-TF300) (K131771) | Clever ForeheadThermometer/CleverMedical ForeheadThermometer (K200946) | Similar | ||
| Caregiver ProfessionalClinical Thermometer is aninfrared thermometerintended for themeasurement of humanbody temperature in peopleof all ages without contactto the body and may beused by medicalprofessionals or byconsumers in a homeenvironment. | The Clever ForeheadThermometer/CleverMedical ForeheadThermometer (TD-1241) isan infrared thermometerintended for the non-contactmeasurement of humanbody temperature in peopleof all ages and may be usedby medical professionals orby consumers in a homeenvironment. | ||||
| Components | Power button, temperaturemeasurement button,scanner, 4 side buttons,protective cap,microcontroller, and LCD | Power button, temperaturemeasurement button,scanner, 4 side buttons,protective cap,microcontroller, LCD, andBluetooth module | Different | ||
| Features | Temperatrue measurementMemory feature (10 sets)3 Measurement modes | Temperatrue measurementMemory feature (30 sets)3 Measurement modesBluetoothApps for data transfer | Different | ||
| Characteristic | Predicate device: | Proposed device: | Comparison | ||
| Caregiver ProfessionalClinical Thermometer,PRO-TF series (ModelPRO-TF300) (K131771) | Clever ForeheadThermometer/CleverMedical ForeheadThermometer (K200946) | ||||
| Principles ofoperation | Temperatures of a subjectand environment are sensedby the thermopile andthermistor respectively, thentemperature is transducedinto electrical signal andfeed to analog signalamplification circuit. Themicro-controler consists ofADC (analog to digitalsignal converter) to processthe signals from theamplification circuit, Then,through mathematicalprocess, and the LCDdisplays the temperaturereading on a screen. | Temperatures of a subjectand environment are sensedby the thermopile andthermistor respectively, thentemperature is transducedinto electrical signal andfeed to analog signalamplification circuit. Themicro-controler consists ofADC (analog to digitalsignal converter) to processthe signals from theamplification circuit, Then,through mathematicalprocess, and the LCDdisplays the temperaturereading on a screen. | Identical | ||
| MCU | The MSP430FG42x0 is amicrocontrollerconfiguration with a 16-bittimer, a high-performance16-bit sigma-delta A/Dconverter, 12-bit D/Aconverter, two configurableoperational amplifiers, 32I/O pins, and a liquid crystaldisplay driver. | The MSP430FG42x0 is amicrocontrollerconfiguration with a 16-bittimer, a high-performance16-bit sigma-delta A/Dconverter, 12-bit D/Aconverter, two configurableoperational amplifiers, 32I/O pins, and a liquid crystaldisplay driver. | Identical | ||
| Characteristic | Predicate device: | Proposed device: | Comparison | ||
| Materials | Caregiver ProfessionalClinical Thermometer,PRO-TF series (ModelPRO-TF300) (K131771) | Clever ForeheadThermometer/CleverMedical ForeheadThermometer (K200946) | Identical | ||
| User contacting materialsinclude ABS (devicehousing, power button,swithes), PC(lens &protective head cap). | User contacting materialsinclude ABS (devicehousing, power button,swithes), PC(lens,protective head cap). | ||||
| Performance | Meets ASTM E 1965:2016 | Meets ASTM E 1965 | Identical | ||
| Electrical Safety | Meets EN 60601-1:2014 | Meets IEC 60601-1 | Identical | ||
| EMC | Meets IEC 60601-1-2:2014 | Meets IEC 60601-1-2 | Identical | ||
| Measurement time | 1 second | 1 second | Identical | ||
| Measurement distance | 1.2 cm – 5 cm | 1.2 cm – 5 cm | Identical | ||
| Reference body site | Rectal for < 3 years old | Rectal for < 3 years old | Identical | ||
| Oral for > 3 years old | Oral for > 3 years old | ||||
| Mode of operation | Adjusted mode | Adjusted mode | Identical | ||
| Weight | 83 g | 83 g | Identical | ||
| Memory/storage | 32kb +256b flash memory | 32kb +256b flash memory | Identical | ||
| 256b ram | 256b ram | ||||
| Biocompatibility | ISO 10993-1 | ISO 10993-1 | Identical surface material | ||
| Probe cover | Yes | Yes | Identical | ||
| Sensor | IR Thermopile sensor | IR Thermopile sensor | Identical | ||
| Dimension (mm) | 150 (L) x 48.48 (W) x55.16 (H) | 150 (L) x 48.48 (W) x55.16 (H) | Identical | ||
| Characteristic | Predicate device:Caregiver ProfessionalClinical Thermometer,PRO-TF series (ModelPRO-TF300) (K131771) | Proposed device:Clever ForeheadThermometer/CleverMedical ForeheadThermometer (K200946) | Comparison | ||
| DisplayResolution | 0.1 °F /0.1°C | 0.1 °F /0.1°C | Identical | ||
| Measurementunit | °F or °C | °F or °C | Identical | ||
| Ambientoperationcondition | 50°F to 104°F (10°C to40°C) | 50°F to 104°F (10°C to40°C) | Identical | ||
| Meter storage/transportationcondition | -4°F to 140°F (-20°C to60°C) | -4°F to 140°F (-20°C to60°C) | Identical | ||
| Measurementrange | Forehead:94°F to 108°F (34.4°C to42.2°C) | Forehead:71.6°F to 111.2°F (22°C to44°C) | Different | ||
| Ambient:50°F to 104°F (10°C to 40°C) | Ambient:50°F to 104°F (10°C to 40°C) | Identical | |||
| HI/LO Indicator | Forehead:• ≤94°F (34.4°C) LCDDisplay LO• ≥108°F(42.2°C) LCDDisplay HISurface: | Forehead:• ≤94°F (34.4°C) LCDDisplay LO• ≥108°F(42.2°C) LCDDisplay HISurface: | Identical | ||
| • < 32°F (0°C) LCDDisplay LO• > 140°F (60°C) LCDDisplay HI | • < 32°F (0°C) LCDDisplay LO• > 140°F (60°C) LCDDisplay HI | Identical | |||
| Characteristic | Predicate device:Caregiver ProfessionalClinical Thermometer,PRO-TF series (ModelPRO-TF300) (K131771) | Proposed device:Clever ForeheadThermometer/CleverMedical ForeheadThermometer (K200946) | Comparison | ||
| Accuracy(Forehead) | $±0.4°F (±0.2°C) from96.8°F to 102.2°F (36°C to39°C)$ $±0.5°F (±0.3°C) for therange of71.6°F to 96.7°F (22°C to35.9°C) or 102.3°F to108.5°F (39.1°C to 42.5°C)$ | $±0.4°F (±0.2°C) from96.8°F to 102.2°F (36°C to39°C)$ $±0.5°F (±0.3°C) for therange ofless than 36 °C (96.8°F) or greater than 39 °C(102.2 °F)$ | Similar | ||
| Power source | 2 x 1.5V AA batteries | 2 x 1.5V AA batteries | Identical | ||
| Time to Powersaving | 30 Seconds | 30 Seconds | Identical | ||
| Signal outputand display | LCD, Buzzer | LCD, Buzzer, Bluetooth | Different |
Table 1: Comparison between the Predicate and Proposed Device
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Substantial Equivalent Discussion
. Indications for use
Indications for use of the Clever Forehead Thermometer/Clever Medical Forehead Thermometer (TD-1241) is similar to its predicate device. The without contact is rephrased to non-contact for more precise wording. No new safety and effectiveness questions were raised.
. Components
The modified device has an added Bluetooth module. ES and EMC testing as well as function validation has been implemented to ensure the safety or effectiveness of the device is unaffected. The difference does not raise new safety or effectiveness questions.
. Features
The Clever Forehead Thermometer/Clever Medical Forehead Thermometer (TD-1241) increases the memory storage limit to 30 temperature readings and added a Bluetooth transfer function. The Clever Forehead Thermometer/Clever Medical Forehead Thermometer (TD-1241) uses the identical memory component, 32kb +256b flash memory 256b ram, as its predicate device. Both the Bluetooth and the memory features have been validated and tested in ES and EMC to ensure the safety or effectiveness of the device.
An additional application feature is added for Bluetooth data transfer. The application has been verified and validated to ensure the safety or effectiveness of the device is unaffected.
. Measurement range and Accuracy
The measurement range and accuracy comply with the ASTM E1965-98 (2016) standards. Laboratory test was conducted, and the test results met the requirements. The difference does not raise new safety and effectiveness questions.
. Signal output and display
Bluetooth signal output is added to the Clever Forehead Thermometer/Clever Medical Forehead Thermometer (TD-1241). The device has been validated and tested in ES and EMC to ensure the Bluetooth signal output does not raised safety or effectiveness issue for the device.
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Non-clinical and performance testing
The entire Hazard Analysis for the Clever Forehead Thermometer/Clever Medical Forehead Thermometer was evaluated to identify all the risks / hazards that could be affected by the modifications to the Clever Forehead Thermometer/Clever Medical Forehead Thermometer. These risks were mitigated using planned measures that included testing to recognized FDA consensus standards. Changes in software were verified and validated using the software development process. The following table, which includes a summary of non-clinical testing data conducted according to FDA recognized consensus standards, is provided in support of the substantial equivalence determination:
| Test report | Performance Standard |
|---|---|
| Electromagneticcompatibility (EMC) | • IEC 60601-1-2:2014, Medical electrical equipment -- Part 1-2: Generalrequirements for basic safety and essential performance -- CollateralStandard: Electromagnetic disturbances -- Requirements and tests |
| Electrical Safety | • IEC 60601-1:2014, Medical electrical equipment - Part 1: Generalrequirements for basic safety and essential performance• IEC 60601-1-11:2015, Medical electrical equipment - Part 1-11:General requirements for basic safety and essential performance -Collateral Standard: Requirements for medical electrical equipment andmedical electrical systems used in the home healthcare environment |
| Laboratory accuracy | • ASTM E1965-98:2016, Standard Specification for InfraredThermometers for Intermittent Determination of Patient Temperature |
| Clinical accuracy | • ASTM E1965-98:2016, Standard Specification for InfraredThermometers for Intermittent Determination of Patient Temperature |
| Storage stability | • ASTM E1965-98:2016, Standard Specification for InfraredThermometers for Intermittent Determination of Patient Temperature |
| Shock test | • ASTM E1965-98:2016, Standard Specification for InfraredThermometers for Intermittent Determination of Patient Temperature |
| Cleaning procedure | • ASTM E1965-98:2016, Standard Specification for InfraredThermometers for Intermittent Determination of Patient Temperature |
| Risk managementreport | • ISO 14971, Medical devices - Applications of risk management tomedical devices |
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| Biocompatibility | ISO 10993-1, Biological evaluation of medical devices - Part 1: Evaluation and testing within a risk management process |
|---|---|
| Software andCybersecurity | IEC 62304, Medical device software - Software life cycle processes ISO/IEC 12207, Systems and software engineering Software life cycle processes Software verification and validation test according to the requirements of the FDA "Guidance for the Content of Premarket Submissions for Software Contained in Medical Devices (May 11, 2005)" Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff: Content of Premarket Submissions for Management of Cybersecurity in Medical Devices, October 2018. |
Clinical Testing
A clinical accuracy testing evaluated 250 subjects which were performed on the following three age groups: infants (newborn to one vear), children (greater than one to five years), and adults (greater than five years old) in accordance with ASTM standard (E1965-98) to compare the Clever Forehead Thermometer/Clever Medical Forehead Thermometer with the comparator method (WelchAllyn SureTemp PLUS model 690 Thermometer). This clinical accuracy study demonstrated that the temperatures obtained with the Clever Forehead Thermometer/Clever Medical Forehead Thermometer were highly related when compared to the comparator method. The clinical bias with stated uncertainty and clinical repeatability as defined in the ASTM standard (E1965-98) were within clinical acceptability.
Conclusion
The intended use of the subject device, the Clever Forehead Thermometer/Clever Medical Forehead Thermometer, is identical to that of the predicate device, the Caregiver Professional Clinical Thermometer, PRO-TF series (Model PRO-TF300), and a risk analysis was performed to identify risks associated with the device modifications. Verification tests have been performed to demonstrate that the identified risks have been mitigated. The testing and analysis demonstrate that the subject device is substantially equivalent to the predicate device
§ 880.2910 Clinical electronic thermometer.
(a)
Identification. A clinical electronic thermometer is a device used to measure the body temperature of a patient by means of a transducer coupled with an electronic signal amplification, conditioning, and display unit. The transducer may be in a detachable probe with or without a disposable cover.(b)
Classification. Class II (performance standards). The device is exempt from the premarket notification procedures in part 807, subpart E of this chapter, subject to the limitations in § 880.9 and the following conditions for exemption:(1) Device is not a clinical thermometer with telethermographic functions;
(2) Device is not a clinical thermometer with continuous temperature measurement functions; and
(3) Appropriate analysis and testing (such as that outlined in the currently FDA-recognized editions, as appropriate, of ISO 80601-2-56, “Medical electrical equipment—Part 2-56: Particular requirements for basic safety and essential performance of clinical thermometers for body temperature measurement,” or ASTM E1965, “Standard Specification for Infrared Thermometers for Intermittent Determination of Patient Temperature,” or ASTM E1112, “Standard Specification for Electronic Thermometer for Intermittent Determination of Patient Temperature,” or ASTM E1104, “Standard Specification for Clinical Thermometer Probe Covers and Sheaths”) must validate specifications and performance of the device.