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The Senhance Surgical System is intended to assist in the accurate control of laparoscopic instruments for visualization and endoscopic manipulation of tissue including grasping, cutting, blunt and sharp dissection, approximation, ligation, electrocautery, suturing, mobilization, and retraction. The Senhance Surgical System is intended for use in laparoscopic gynecological surgery, colorectal surgery, cholecystectorny, and inguinal hernia repair. The system is indicated for adult use. It is intended for use by trained physicians in an operating room environment in accordance with the instructions for use.

The Senhance 3 mm bipolar surgical instruments and adapters are additions to the suite of bipolar instruments and adapters previously cleared for use with the Senhance Surgical System (K181517). The instrument designs are adaptations of standard laparoscopic instruments that are commonly used in surgery. Each instrument type has a corresponding system adapter. All instruments and adapters are multi-use devices that are steam sterilized by the end user before the first use and after each use. The Senhance 3 mm bipolar instruments include:

• . Bipolar Maryland Dissector – diameter 3 mm / length 280 mm
• . Bipolar Grasping Forceps - diameter 3 mm / length 280 mm

This document describes the 510(k) summary for the TransEnterix Senhance Surgical System, focusing on the acceptance criteria and study proving its substantial equivalence to a predicate device. This is primarily a regulatory submission, so instead of typical "AI/ML model" performance metrics, the "acceptance criteria" here refer to meeting performance standards that demonstrate safety and effectiveness for a medical device, particularly in comparison to a previously cleared device.

Given the nature of the provided document, which is a 510(k) summary for a surgical instrument, many typical AI/ML study components (like expert consensus for ground truth, MRMC studies, training set details) are not applicable. The device is a surgical instrument system, not an AI diagnostic algorithm.

Here's an interpretation of the requested information based on the provided text:

1. A table of acceptance criteria and the reported device performance:

Since this is a 510(k) for new instruments within an existing surgical system, the acceptance criteria are generally to demonstrate that the new instruments (3mm bipolar) perform as intended, are safe and effective, and do not raise new questions of safety or effectiveness compared to predicate devices. The performance is reported in terms of successful completion of various tests.

2. Sample size used for the test set and the data provenance:

• Sample size: The document does not specify a numerical sample size for individual tests like mechanical testing or ESU compatibility, but indicates "testing" was conducted. For "Design Validation," it states "a porcine model" was used, implying more than one animal or multiple procedures within one animal, but no specific count is provided.
• Data Provenance: The origin of the data is from in-house testing conducted by TransEnterix, Inc. The studies appear to be prospective for the purpose of this 510(k) submission, specifically designed to test the new 3mm bipolar instruments.

3. Number of experts used to establish the ground truth for the test set and the qualifications of those experts:

This is not applicable in the context of this device and study type. The "ground truth" here is established by engineering and medical device performance standards (e.g., successful mechanical function, proper sterilization, electrical safety compliance) rather than expert interpretation of medical images or diagnoses. The "Design Validation" involved simulating use, implying evaluation by qualified personnel, but "experts" in the sense of clinical reviewers for ground truth is not relevant.

4. Adjudication method (e.g. 2+1, 3+1, none) for the test set:

Not applicable. This type of adjudication method is common in studies involving human interpretation (e.g., radiology reads), not for performance testing of a surgical instrument.

5. If a multi-reader multi-case (MRMC) comparative effectiveness study was done, If so, what was the effect size of how much human readers improve with AI vs without AI assistance:

Not applicable. This is a surgical instrument, not an AI-assisted diagnostic tool. No MRMC study was performed.

6. If a standalone (i.e. algorithm only without human-in-the-loop performance) was done:

Not applicable. The device isn't an algorithm. Its performance is inherent to its mechanical, electrical, and material properties, and its interaction with the Senhance Surgical System.

7. The type of ground truth used:

The "ground truth" is based on:

• Engineering specifications and performance standards (e.g., force measurements, voltage ratings, mechanical integrity).
• Validated regulatory standards (e.g., IEC 60601-2-2 for electrical safety, established SAL for sterilization).
• Demonstrated functionality in a simulated use environment (porcine model) comparing to the established performance of predicate devices.

8. The sample size for the training set:

Not applicable. This device is not an AI/ML model that requires a "training set."

9. How the ground truth for the training set was established:

Not applicable. No training set for an AI/ML model.

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The Senhance Surgical System is intended to assist in the accurate control of laparoscopic instruments for visualization and endoscopic manipulation of tissue including grasping, cutting, blunt and sharp dissection, approximation, ligation, electrocautery, suturing, mobilization and retraction in laparoscopic colorectal surgery and laparoscopic gynecological surgery. The system is indicated for adult use. It is intended for use by trained physicians in an operating room environment in accordance with the Instructions for Use.

The Senhance Surgical System is a console-based, multi-arm surgical system which enables a surgeon to remotely control surgical instrumentation during minimally invasive surgery in the lower abdomen and pelvis. The capital equipment is comprised of three main sub-systems as follows:

• Cockpit The station where the surgeon inputs information through hand and eye movements to direct the motion of the arms in the surgical field.
• Manipulator Arms Independent mechanized support arms that interface with the endoscope ● and surgical instruments. The manipulator arms produce output movements based on the instructions from the surgeon at the cockpit. The system is configurable with up to three arms.
• Node A relay unit which connects the cockpit inputs to the manipulator arms in the system as configured, and converts and transmits the video signals to the 2D/3D monitor on the cockpit console.

The document is a 510(k) summary for the Senhance Surgical System (K171120), comparing it to the predicate device, the Intuitive Surgical da Vinci Si Surgical System IS3000 (K081137). The device is an endoscopic instrument control system.

Here's an analysis of the acceptance criteria and the studies performed:

1. Table of Acceptance Criteria and Reported Device Performance

The document does not explicitly state "acceptance criteria" in a quantitative manner for specific metrics like sensitivity, specificity, or AUC, as would be typical for diagnostic AI devices. Instead, the substantial equivalence is determined by comparing procedural endpoints of the Senhance System's clinical data to published literature data of the predicate device. The general acceptance criterion seems to be that the Senhance System is "as safe and effective as the predicate device for its intended use" based on these comparisons.

Here's a summary of the performance data presented, compared implicitly to the predicate device's published literature:

2. Sample Sizes and Data Provenance

• Test Set (Clinical Data):

  • Gynecological Laparoscopic Surgery: 150 patients. Prospective, non-randomized clinical trial. The country of origin is not explicitly stated, but clinical trials for FDA submissions are often multinational or US-based.
  • Colorectal Laparoscopic Surgery: 45 patients. Retrospective chart review (referred to as Real World Evidence or RWE). The country of origin is not explicitly stated.

• Training Set: The document does not mention separate "training sets" for an AI algorithm. The Senhance Surgical System is a robotic surgical system, not a diagnostic AI device requiring a machine learning training set in the typical sense. The development of the system itself involved various engineering tests, including software verification and validation, human factors/usability testing, bench testing, and animal testing.

3. Number of Experts and Qualifications for Ground Truth (Test Set)

• The clinical studies involved investigators/surgeons who performed the procedures and assessed adverse events. However, no specific number of experts used to establish a ground truth for a test set (e.g., for image annotations or diagnoses) is mentioned because this is a surgical system, not a diagnostic AI. The "ground truth" for the clinical studies was derived from the actual surgical outcomes, investigator assessments of device-related events, and standard clinical endpoints (e.g., blood loss, hospital stay, complications, reoperation).

4. Adjudication Method (Test Set)

• The document mentions that adverse events were considered "device related according to the investigator's assessment." This suggests that the investigators (surgeons/clinicians) made the primary determination. There is no mention of a formal multi-expert adjudication method (e.g., 2+1, 3+1 consensus) for the clinical outcomes or adverse events in the clinical data section.

5. Multi-Reader Multi-Case (MRMC) Comparative Effectiveness Study

• No MRMC comparative effectiveness study was done. This type of study is typically for diagnostic aids or image interpretation AI where multiple human readers interpret cases with and without AI assistance. The Senhance System is a surgical tool, not a diagnostic AI.

6. Standalone (Algorithm Only) Performance Study

• No standalone algorithm performance study, in the sense of a diagnostic AI operating independently without human interaction, was performed. The Senhance System is designed to be a human-in-the-loop robotic surgical assistant, where the surgeon controls the system. Its performance is intrinsically tied to human interaction.
• However, various non-clinical tests essentially establish the "standalone" engineering performance of the system components, such as:
  • Bench testing (mechanical performance, system latency, motion accuracy, force feedback, eye sensing)
  • Electrical safety and EMC testing
  • Software Verification and Validation
  • Biocompatibility testing
  • Cleaning, Disinfection, and Sterilization validation

7. Type of Ground Truth Used (Test Set)

• The "ground truth" for the clinical studies was clinical outcomes data and investigator assessments. This includes:
  • Surgical success (successful completion of procedures)
  • Intraoperative and post-operative complications
  • Adverse events (and investigator's assessment of device relatedness)
  • Blood loss, operative time, hospital length of stay
  • Conversion rates
  • Reoperation rates, readmission rates, mortality
  • Surgical margins (for colorectal cancer cases)

8. Sample Size for the Training Set

• As explained in Point 2, there isn't a traditional "training set" for an AI algorithm in this context. The system development and validation involved various engineering, preclinical (animal), and human factors studies. The sample sizes for these are:
  • Human Factors/Usability Engineering: 16 teams of 3 users (surgeon, surgical assistant, nurse) in a porcine wet lab environment.
  • Animal Testing (Pre-clinical Design Validation): 4 teams of trained subjects (surgeon, surgical assistant) performed tasks on a live porcine model.

9. How Ground Truth for Training Set was Established

• Again, no traditional "training set" ground truth. For the human factors and animal testing, the "ground truth" was established by:
  • Successful completion of use tasks in the simulated (human factors) and live porcine (animal) environments.
  • Observation by independent usability investigators to ensure use tasks were completed without preventable errors causing harm (human factors).
  • Assessment of essential user requirements and successful completion of surgical procedures (animal testing).
  • For the engineering tests (bench, electrical, software), the "ground truth" was established by compliance with established standards, specifications, and verified functionality (e.g., IEC standards, FDA guidance for software, mechanical performance specs).

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