K Number
K102552
Date Cleared
2011-04-05

(210 days)

Product Code
Regulation Number
864.5425
Reference & Predicate Devices
Predicate For
N/A
AI/MLSaMDIVD (In Vitro Diagnostic)TherapeuticDiagnosticis PCCP AuthorizedThirdpartyExpeditedreview
Intended Use
  • HemosIL LA Positive Control .
    For use as an LA Positive Quality Control of Lupus Anticoagulant assays (HemosIL LAC Screen/LAC Confirm; HemosIL Silica Clotting Time) on IL Coagulation systems [ACL TOP® Family; ACL ELITE®/ELITE PRO/8/9/10000; ACL Futura/ACL Advance; ACL Classic (100-7000)].

The control assesses the precision and accuracy of Lupus Anticoagulant (LA) tests performed on IL Coagulation Systems using HemosIL LA assays.

  • . HemosIL LA Negative Control
    For use as an LA Negative Quality Control of Lupus Anticoagulant assays (HemosIL LAC Screen/LAC Confirm; HemosIL Silica Clotting Time) on IL Coagulation systems [ACL TOP® Family; ACL ELITE®/ELITE PRO/8/9/10000; ACL Futura/ACL Advance; ACL Classic (100-7000)].

The control assesses the precision and accuracy of Lupus Anticoagulant (LA) tests performed on IL Coagulation Systems using HemosIL LA assays.

Device Description
  • . HemosIL LA Positive Control
    The LA Positive Control is a lyophilized preparation from human donors exhibiting the presence of anti-phospholipid antibodies with added buffer, which has been determined to be positive for LA in accordance with the Guidelines from ISTH1.

The control assesses the precision and accuracy of Lupus Anticoagulant (LA) tests performed on IL Coagulation Systems using HemosIL LA assays.

  • HemosIL LA Negative Control
    The LA Negative Control is a lyophilized preparation using human citrated platelet-poor plasma to make a Pooled Normal Plasma with added buffer. The guidelines from ISTH', recommends a plateletpoor plasma as a negative control for Lupus Anticoagulant (LA).

The control assesses the precision and accuracy of Lupus Anticoagulant (LA) tests performed on IL Coagulation Systems using HemosIL LA assays.

AI/ML Overview

The provided text describes a 510(k) summary for the HemosIL LA Positive Control and HemosIL LA Negative Control devices. These devices are quality controls for Lupus Anticoagulant (LA) assays performed on specific IL Coagulation Systems. The study presented aims to demonstrate the precision of these control devices.

Here's a breakdown of the requested information:

1. A table of acceptance criteria and the reported device performance

Acceptance Criteria (Specification)Device (HemosIL LA Positive Control) Reported PerformanceDevice (HemosIL LA Negative Control) Reported Performance
Within run and Total ≤ 6% CVAchieved (All reported Total CV% values are ≤ 4.2%)Achieved (All reported Total CV% values are ≤ 3.9%)

Note: The "Conclusion" section explicitly states: "All results were well within specification for both lots of controls tested." The tables provided show detailed CV% values, all of which are below 6% for both within-run and total precision across various instruments and reagents.

2. Sample size used for the test set and the data provenance (e.g. country of origin of the data, retrospective or prospective)

  • Sample Size: N=80 (2 replicates per run / 2 runs per day / 20 days) for each of two lots of each control level, with two different LA assays per instrument platform.
  • Data Provenance: The document does not specify the country of origin of the data. It is a prospective study as it describes a specific experimental protocol for testing.

3. Number of experts used to establish the ground truth for the test set and the qualifications of those experts (e.g. radiologist with 10 years of experience)

This study is evaluating the precision of quality control materials for an in-vitro diagnostic device, not an interpretation of images or clinical data by experts. Therefore, the concept of "ground truth established by experts" as typically understood in AI/medical imaging does not directly apply here. The "ground truth" for these controls is their expected value (positive or negative for LA) and their performance characteristics against established quality standards (precision).

4. Adjudication method (e.g. 2+1, 3+1, none) for the test set

No adjudication method is described as this is a laboratory assay precision study, not a study involving human interpretation with potential discrepancies.

5. If a multi-reader multi-case (MRMC) comparative effectiveness study was done, If so, what was the effect size of how much human readers improve with AI vs without AI assistance

No. This is not an MRMC comparative effectiveness study. It's a precision study for diagnostic controls.

6. If a standalone (i.e. algorithm only without human-in-the-loop performance) was done

Yes, this is a standalone performance study. The devices (quality controls) are tested on automated coagulation systems. There is no human interpretation or "human-in-the-loop" component being evaluated beyond the inherent operation of the lab instruments.

7. The type of ground truth used (expert consensus, pathology, outcomes data, etc)

The "ground truth" for these controls is their known characteristics:

  • HemosIL LA Positive Control: Lyophilized preparation from human donors exhibiting the presence of anti-phospholipid antibodies, confirmed positive for LA according to ISTH Guidelines.
  • HemosIL LA Negative Control: Lyophilized preparation using human citrated platelet-poor plasma to make a Pooled Normal Plasma, recommended as a negative control for LA by ISTH Guidelines.

The performance of the controls is then measured against a precision specification (≤ 6% CV).

8. The sample size for the training set

This document does not describe the development of an algorithm or AI. It describes the performance evaluation of quality control materials. Therefore, there is no "training set" in the context of machine learning.

9. How the ground truth for the training set was established

As there is no training set for an algorithm, this question is not applicable. The "ground truth" for the controls themselves (their positive or negative status) is established by their formulation and adherence to established guidelines (ISTH).

{0}------------------------------------------------

Revised 4/5/11

Image /page/0/Picture/1 description: The image shows the logos of Werfen Group and Instrumentation Laboratory. The Werfen Group logo is on the left and consists of a stylized globe with horizontal lines and the text "Werfen Group" below it. To the right of the Werfen Group logo is the Instrumentation Laboratory logo, which features a geometric shape resembling a cube with missing faces, followed by the text "Instrumentation Laboratory".

APR - 5 2011

510(k) Summary (per 21 CFR 807.92)

Applicant Contact Information:

Applicant:Instrumentation Laboratory Co.
Address:180 Hartwell RoadBedford, MA 01730
Contact Person:Carol Marble, Regulatory Affairs Director
Phone Number:781-861-4467
Fax Number:781-861-4207
Preparation Date:April 5, 2011

Device Trade Names (Products Sold Separately):

HemosIL® LA Positive Control

HemosIL® LA Negative Control

.. . . . . Device Regulatory Information:

Positive Control:Class IIProduct Code: GGN21 CFR 864.5425
Negative Control:Class IIProduct Code: GIZ21 CFR 864.5425

Predicate Devices:

K935254

LAtrol Abnormal Control and LAtrol Normal Control (Manufacturer: American Diagnostica)

Device Descriptions:

  • . HemosIL LA Positive Control
    The LA Positive Control is a lyophilized preparation from human donors exhibiting the presence of anti-phospholipid antibodies with added buffer, which has been determined to be positive for LA in accordance with the Guidelines from ISTH1.

The control assesses the precision and accuracy of Lupus Anticoagulant (LA) tests performed on IL Coagulation Systems using HemosIL LA assays.

  • HemosIL LA Negative Control
    The LA Negative Control is a lyophilized preparation using human citrated platelet-poor plasma to make a Pooled Normal Plasma with added buffer. The guidelines from ISTH', recommends a plateletpoor plasma as a negative control for Lupus Anticoagulant (LA).

The control assesses the precision and accuracy of Lupus Anticoagulant (LA) tests performed on IL Coagulation Systems using HemosIL LA assays.

' Update of the Guidelines for Lupus Anticoagulant detection (ISTH 2009) Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 2009, 7:1737-1740.

{1}------------------------------------------------

Device Intended Uses:

  • HemosIL LA Positive Control: For use as an LA Positive Quality Control of Lupus Anticoagulant . assays (HemosIL LAC Screen/LAC Confirm; HemosIL Silica Clotting Time) on L Coagulation systems [ACL TOP® Family, ACL ELITE®/ELITE PRO/8/9/10000, ACL Futura/ACL Advance, ACL Classic (100-7000)].
  • HemosIL LA Negative Control: For use as an LA Negative Quality Control of Lupus Anticoagulant . assays (HemosIL LAC Screen/LAC Confirm; HemosIL Silica Clotting Time) on IL Coagulation systems [ACL TOP® Family, ACL ELITE®/ELITE PRO/8/9/10000, ACL Futura/ACL Advance, ACL Classic (100-7000)].

Statement of Technological Characteristics of the Device Compared to Predicate Devices:

HemosIL LA Positive Control and HemosIL LA Negative Control are substantially equivalent to LAtrol Abnormal Control and LAtrol Normal Control (K935254).

CharacteristicNew Devices (Sold Separately):HemosIL LA Positive Control andHemosIL LA Negative ControlPredicate Devices:LAtrol Abnormal Control andLAtrol Normal Control(K935254)
Intended UseHemosIL LA Positive Control:For use as an LA Positive QualityControl of Lupus Anticoagulant assays(HemosIL LAC Screen/LAC Confirm;HemosIL Silica Clotting Time) on ILCoagulation systems [ACL TOP®Family, ACL ELITE®/ELITEPRO/8/9/10000, ACL Futura/ACLAdvance, ACL Classic (100-7000)]. HemosIL LA Negative Control:For use as an LA Negative QualityControl of Lupus Anticoagulant assays(HemosIL LAC Screen/LAC Confirm;HemosIL Silica Clotting Time) on ILCoagulation systems [ACL TOP®Family, ACL ELITE®/ELITEPRO/8/9/10000, ACL Futura/ACLAdvance, ACL Classic (100-7000)].The LAtrol Abnormal Control andLAtrol Normal Control plasmashave been developed for use as partof daily quality control proceduresfor Lupus Anticoagulant (LA)testing.
Analyte Being TestedLupus AnticoagulantSame
FormatLyophilized PlasmaSame
Constituent MaterialHemosIL LA Positive Control:Lyophilized preparation from humandonors exhibiting the presence of anti-phospholipid antibodies with addedbuffer. HemosIL LA Negative Control:Lyophilized preparation using humancitrated platelet-poor plasma to make aPooled Normal Plasma with addedbuffer.LAtrol Abnormal Control:Lyophilized preparation of aLupus Anticoagulant plasmawith Buffer. LAtrol Normal Control:Lyophilized preparation of amulti-donor Normal plasmapool with Buffer.
Reconstituted Stability24 Hours at 2-8° C8 Hours at 2-8° C

Substantial Equivalence Comparison Table:

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100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

Summary Performance Data:

Precision
Standard:EP05-A2: Evaluation of Precision Performance of Quantitative Measurement Methods,2nd Edition, 08/20/2004
Materials:HemosIL LA Positive Control and HemosIL LA Negative Control (2 Lots of EachControl, with one representative lot shown on the following pages)HemosIL LAC Screen and Confirm (K990302)HemosIL Silica Clotting Time - Screen and Confirm (K050221)
Protocol:N=80 (2 replicates per run/2 runs per day/20 days) using two lots of each control levelwith two different LA assays* per instrument platform. The data from a representativelot of each control are shown on the following pages.
*NOTE: Only HemosIL LAC Screen/LAC Confirm was tested on the ACL Classicmodels (ACL 300+, ACL 3000 and ACL 6000). There is no test applicationon these models for HemosIL Silica Clotting Time.
Representative IL Coagulation Systems:
• ACL TOP Family Members: TOP (base model) and 500 CTS
• ACL 10000
• ACL Advance
• ACL 300+
• ACL 3000
• ACL 6000
Specifications:
• HemosIL LA Negative Control: Within run and Total ≤ 6% CV
• HemosIL LA Negative Control: Within run and Total ≤ 6% CV
Conclusion:
• All results were well within specification for both lots of controls tested.

.

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Summary Performance Data (Cont.):

Precision

Instrument:ACL TOP
Reagent:HemosIL LAC Screen/Confirm
ReagentControlControlLot No.GrandMean(s)CV%Within RunCV%BetweenRunCV%Total
LACConfirmHemosIL LANegative ControlN119068232.10.61.41.6
HemosIL LAPositive ControlN119068130.80.61.41.6
LAC ScreenHemosIL LANegative ControlN119068232.90.50.50.9
HemosIL LAPositive ControlN119068156.20.71.21.5
NormalizedRatioHemosIL LANegative ControlN11906821.000.81.71.9
HemosIL LAPositive ControlN11906811.641.02.12.5

Instrument: ACL TOP Reagent: HemosIL Silica Clotting Time (Screen/Confirm)

ReagentControlControlLot No.GrandMean(s)CV%Within RunCV%BetweenRunCV%Total
SCTConfirmHemosIL LANegative ControlN119068235.72.01.82.7
HemosIL LAPositive ControlN119068137.31.91.02.4
SCT ScreenHemosIL LANegative ControlN119068233.41.20.01.2
HemosIL LAPositive ControlN119068175.02.30.02.7
NormalizedRatioHemosIL LANegative ControlN11906821.002.31.42.8
HemosIL LAPositive ControlN11906812.153.40.04.2

{4}------------------------------------------------

Summary Performance Data (Cont.):

Precision

Instrument: ACL TOP 500 CTS Reagent: HemosIL LAC Screen/Confirm

ReagentControlControlLot No.GrandMean(s)CV%Within RunCV%BetweenRunCV%Total
LACConfirmHemosIL LANegative ControlN119068231.01.01.01.4
HemosIL LAPositive ControlN119068132.21.00.91.4
LAC ScreenHemosIL LANegative ControlN119068233.10.50.80.9
HemosIL LAPositive ControlN119068156.30.61.11.3
NormalizedRatioHemosIL LANegative ControlN11906820.960.91.51.8
HemosIL LAPositive ControlN11906811.580.91.51.8

Instrument: ACL TOP 500 CTS Reagent: HemosIL Silica Clotting Time (Screen/Confirm)

ReagentControlControlLot No.GrandMean(s)CV%Within RunCV%BetweenRunCV%Total
SCTConfirmHemosIL LANegative ControlN119068235.71.10.91.7
HemosIL LAPositive ControlN119068136.82.50.02.6
SCT ScreenHemosIL LANegative ControlN119068232.71.00.01.2
HemosIL LAPositive ControlN119068174.10.91.21.6
NormalizedRatioHemosIL LANegative ControlN11906821.001.50.02.0
HemosIL LAPositive ControlN11906812.202.30.02.3

{5}------------------------------------------------

.

Summary Performance Data (Cont.):

. .

Precision

Instrument:ACL 10000
Reagent:HemosIL LAC Screen/Confirm
ReagentControlControlLot No.GrandMean(s)CV%Within RunCV%BetweenRunCV%Total
LACConfirmHemosIL LANegative ControlN119068230.40.41.82.1
HemosIL LAPositive ControlN119068131.90.81.52.0
LAC ScreenHemosIL LANegative ControlN119068233.80.43.03.1
HemosIL LAPositive ControlN119068158.12.32.93.7
NormalizedRatioHemosIL LANegative ControlN11906821.000.62.72.8
HemosIL LAPositive ControlN11906811.641.72.53.0

.

ACL 10000 Instrument: Reagent: HemosIL Silica Clotting Time (Screen/Confirm)

.

ReagentControlControlLot No.GrandMean(s)CV%Within RunCV%BetweenRunCV%Total
SCTConfirmHemosIL LANegative ControlN119068234.30.80.91.2
HemosIL LAPositive ControlN119068133.60.80.71.2
SCT ScreenHemosIL LANegative ControlN119068232.01.40.71.8
HemosIL LAPositive ControlN119068169.52.30.93.0
NormalizedRatioHemosIL LANegative ControlN11906821.001.61.22.2
HemosIL LAPositive ControlN11906812.222.31.63.2

.

.

{6}------------------------------------------------

Summary Performance Data (Cont.):

Precision

Instrument: ACL Advance Reagent: HemosIL LAC Screen/Confirm

ReagentControlControlLot No.GrandMean(s)CV%Within RunCV%BetweenRunCV%Total
LACConfirmHemosIL LANegative ControlN119068228.70.92.12.3
HemosIL LAPositive ControlN119068130.10.81.81.9
LAC ScreenHemosIL LANegative ControlN119068232.00.81.11.7
HemosIL LAPositive ControlN119068153.11.22.02.4
NormalizedRatioHemosIL LANegative ControlN11906821.002.71.83.9
HemosIL LAPositive ControlN11906811.581.62.83.3

Instrument: ACL Advance Reagent: HemosIL Silica Clotting Time (Screen/Confirm)

ReagentControlControlLot No.GrandMean(s)CV%Within RunCV%BetweenRunCV%Total
SCTConfirmHemosIL LANegative ControlN119068231.81.90.02.2
HemosIL LAPositive ControlN119068132.32.12.02.9
SCT ScreenHemosIL LANegative ControlN119068232.21.11.11.7
HemosIL LAPositive ControlN119068169.22.01.62.9
NormalizedRatioHemosIL LANegative ControlN11906821.001.60.82.0
HemosIL LAPositive ControlN11906812.123.52.34.2

.

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Summary Performance Data (Cont.):

Precision

Instrument: ACL 6000 Reagent: HemosIL LAC Screen/Confirm

ReagentControlControlLot No.GrandMean(s)CV%Within RunCV%BetweenRunCV%Total
LACConfirmHemosIL LANegative ControlN119068230.91.11.11.6
HemosIL LAPositive ControlN119068132.00.61.11.5
LAC ScreenHemosIL LANegative ControlN119068232.90.30.90.9
HemosIL LAPositive ControlN119068156.50.51.11.2
NormalizedRatioHemosIL LANegative ControlN11906821.001.11.41.9
HemosIL LAPositive ControlN11906811.660.71.11.8

ACL 3000 Instrument: Reagent: HemosIL LAC Screen/Confirm

ReagentControlControlLot No.GrandMean(s)CV%Within RunCV%BetweenRunCV%Total
LACConfirmHemosIL LANegative ControlN119068230.90.40.81.3
HemosIL LAPositive ControlN119068133.80.30.91.1
LAC ScreenHemosIL LANegative ControlN119068232.10.30.71.2
HemosIL LAPositive ControlN119068157.11.01.11.6
NormalizedRatioHemosIL LANegative ControlN11906821.001.21.02.1
HemosIL LAPositive ControlN11906811.640.90.71.6

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Summary Performance Data (Cont.):

Precision

.

Instrument: ACL 300+ Reagent: HemosIL LAC Screen/Confirm

ReagentControlControlLot No.GrandMean(s)CV%Within RunCV%BetweenRunCV%Total
LACConfirmHemosIL LANegative ControlN119068231.90.31.11.7
HemosIL LAPositive ControlN119068132.90.41.01.6
LAC ScreenHemosIL LANegative ControlN119068234.00.31.01.0
HemosIL LA.Positive ControlN119068158.20.81.11.7
NormalizedRatioHemosIL LANegative ControlN11906820.980.51.31.9
HemosIL LAPositive ControlN11906811.632.00.82.6

:

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Image /page/9/Picture/1 description: The image shows the seal of the Department of Health & Human Services (HHS). The seal features a stylized caduceus, a symbol often associated with medicine and healthcare, with a bird-like figure incorporated into its design. The text "DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES • USA" is arranged in a circular pattern around the emblem.

Food and Drug Administration 10903 New Hampshire Avenue Silver Spring, MD 20993

Instrumentation Laboratory Co. c/o Ms. Carol Marble Regulatory Affairs Director 180 Hartwell Road Bedford, MA 01730

APR 0 5 2011

Re: K102552

Trade/Device Name: HemosIL® LA Positive Control and HemosIL® LA Negative Control Regulation Number: 21 CFR 864.5425 Regulation Name: Multipurpose system for in vitro coagulation studies Regulatory Class: Class II Product Code: GGC, GIZ, GGN Dated: March 29, 2011 Received: March 30, 2011

Dear Ms. Marble:

We have reviewed your Section 510(k) premarket notification of intent to market the device referenced above and have determined the device is substantially equivalent (for the indications for use stated in the enclosure) to legally marketed predicate devices marketed in interstate commerce prior to May 28, 1976, the enactment date of the Medical Device Amendments, or to devices that have been reclassified in accordance with the provisions of the Federal Food. Drug. and Cosmetic Act (Act) that do not require approval of a premarket approval application (PMA). You may, therefore, market the device, subject to the general controls provisions of the Act. The general controls provisions of the Act include requirements for annual registration, listing of devices, good manufacturing practice, labeling, and prohibitions against misbranding and adulteration.

If your device is classified (see above) into class II (Special Controls), it may be subject to such additional controls. Existing major regulations affecting your device can be found in Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Parts 800 to 895. In addition, FDA may publish further announcements concerning your device in the Federal Register.

" Please be advised that FDA's issuance of a substantial equivalence determination does not mean that FDA has made a determination that vour device complies with other requirements of the Act or any Federal statutes and regulations administered by other Federal agencies. You must comply with all the Act's requirements, including, but not limited to: registration and listing (21 CFR Part 807); labeling (21 CFR Parts 801 and 809); medical device reporting (reporting of medical device-related adverse events) (21 CFR 803); and good manufacturing practice requirements as set forth in the quality systems (QS) regulation (21 CFR Part 820). This letter will allow you to begin marketing your device as described in your Section 510(k) premarket

{10}------------------------------------------------

Page 2 – Ms. Carol Marble

notification. The FDA finding of substantial equivalence of your device to a legally marketed predicate device results in a classification for your device and thus, permits your device to proceed to the market.

If you desire specific advice for your device on our labeling regulation (21 CFR Parts 801 and 809), please contact the Office of In Vitro Diagnostic Device Evaluation and Safety at (301) 796-5450. Also, please note the regulation entitled, "Misbranding by reference to premarket notification" (21 CFR Part 807.97). For questions regarding the reporting of adverse events under the MDR regulation (21 CFR Part 803), please go to http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Safety/ReportaProblem/default.htm for the CDRH's Office of Surveillance and Biometrics/Division of Postmarket Surveillance.

You may obtain other general information on your responsibilities under the Act from the Division of Small Manufacturers, International and Consumer Assistance at its toll-free number (800) 638-2041 or (301) 796-7100 or at its Internet address http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/industry/support/index.html.

Sincerely yours.

Reena Philip

Maria M. Chan, Ph.D. Director Division of Immunology and Hematology Devices Office of In Vitro Diagnostic Device Evaluation and Safety

Center for Devices and Radiological Health

Enclosure

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Indications for Use Statement

510(k) Number (if known): K102552

Device Name:

HemosIL® LA Positive Control HemosIL® LA Negative Control

Indications for Use:

  • HemosIL LA Positive Control .
    For use as an LA Positive Quality Control of Lupus Anticoagulant assays (HemosIL LAC Screen/LAC Confirm; HemosIL Silica Clotting Time) on IL Coagulation systems [ACL TOP® Family; ACL ELITE®/ELITE PRO/8/9/10000; ACL Futura/ACL Advance; ACL Classic (100-7000)].

The control assesses the precision and accuracy of Lupus Anticoagulant (LA) tests performed on IL Coagulation Systems using HemosIL LA assays.

  • . HemosIL LA Negative Control
    For use as an LA Negative Quality Control of Lupus Anticoagulant assays (HemosIL LAC Screen/LAC Confirm; HemosIL Silica Clotting Time) on IL Coagulation systems [ACL TOP® Family; ACL ELITE®/ELITE PRO/8/9/10000; ACL Futura/ACL Advance; ACL Classic (100-7000)].

The control assesses the precision and accuracy of Lupus Anticoagulant (LA) tests performed on IL Coagulation Systems using HemosIL LA assays.

Prescription Use (Part 21 CFR 801 Subpart D)

AND/OR

Over-The-Counter Use (21 CFR 801 Subpart C)

(PLEASE DO NOT WRITE BELOW THIS LINE - CONTINUE ON ANOTHER PAGE IF NEEDED) Concurrence of CDRH, Office of In Vitro Diagnostic Devices (OIVD)

Kevek R. Ki
Division Sign-Off

Division Sign-Off Office of In Vitro Diagnostic-Device Evaluation and Safety

510(k) 102552

. Attachment A

K102552: HemosIL LA Positive and LA Negative Controls

Page 1 of 1

§ 864.5425 Multipurpose system for in vitro coagulation studies.

(a)
Identification. A multipurpose system for in vitro coagulation studies is a device consisting of one automated or semiautomated instrument and its associated reagents and controls. The system is used to perform a series of coagulation studies and coagulation factor assays.(b)
Classification. Class II (special controls). A control intended for use with a multipurpose system for in vitro coagulation studies is exempt from the premarket notification procedures in subpart E of part 807 of this chapter subject to the limitations in § 864.9.