Search Results

HemoSphere Advanced Monitor with HemoSphere Swan-Ganz Module
The HemoSphere Advanced Monitor when used with the HemoSphere Swan-Ganz Module and Edwards Swan-Ganz Catheters is indicated for use in adult and pediatric critical care patients requiring monitoring of cardiac output [continuous (CO) and intermittent (iCO)] and derived hemodynamic parameters. It may be used for monitoring hemodynamic parameters in conjunction with a perioperative goal directed therapy protocol in a hospital environment. Refer to the Edwards Swan-Ganz catheter indications for use statement for information on target patient population specific to the catheter being used.
Refer to the Intended Use statement below for a complete list of measured and derived parameters available for each patient population.
HemoSphere Advanced Monitor with HemoSphere Oximetry Cable
The HemoSphere Advanced Monitor when used with the HemoSphere Oximetry cable and Edwards is indicated for use in adult and pediatic critical care patients requiring of yenous oxygen saturation (SvO2 and Scv02) and derived hemodynamic parameters in a hospital environment. Refer to the Edwards oximetry catheter indications for use statement for information on target patient population specific to the catheter being used.
Refer to the Intended Use statement for a complete list of measured and derived parameters available for each patient population.
HemoSphere Advanced Monitor with HemoSphere Pressure Cable
The HemoSphere Advanced Monitor when used with the HemoSphere Pressure Cable is indicated for use in critical care patients in which the balance between cardiac function, fluid status, vascular resistance and pressure needs continuous assessment. It may be used for monitoring hemodynamic parameters in conjunction with a perioperative goal directed therapy protocol in a hospital environment. Refer to the Edwards FloTrac, Acumen IQ and TruWave DPT sensor indications for use statement for information on target patient population specific to the sensor being used.
The Edwards Lifesciences Acumen Hypotension Prediction Index feature provides the clinician with physiological insight into a patient's likelihood of future hypotensive events (defined as mean arterial pressure 40 kg.
· When used with Medium Sensors, the FORE-SIGHT ELITE tissue oximeter module is indicated for use on pediatric subjects ≥3 kg.
· When used with Small Sensors, the FORE-SIGHT ELITE tissue oximeter module is indicated for cerebral use on pediatric subjects

The HemoSphere Advanced Monitoring platform was designed to simplify the customer experience by providing one platform with modular solutions for their hemodynamic monitoring needs. The user can choose from the available optional sub-system modules or use multiple sub-system modules at the same time. This modular approach provides the customer with the choice of purchasing and/or using specific monitoring applications based on their needs. Users are not required to have all of the modules installed at the same time for the platform to function.
The HemoSphere Advanced Monitoring Platform consists of the HemoSphere Advanced Monitor that provides a means to interact with and visualize hemodynamic and volumetric data on a screen and four optional external modules: the HemoSphere Swan-Ganz Module (existing), the HemoSphere Oximetry Cable (existing), the HemoSphere Pressure Cable (existing) and the HemoSphere Tissue Oximetry Module (subject of this submission). The platform also includes the Acumen Hypotension Prediction Index feature.
The existing optional HemoSphere Swan-Ganz Module and HemoSphere Oximetry Cable provide an interface to connect with currently cleared and commercially available Edwards Lifesciences Swan-Ganz catheters and Oximetry catheters (K803058, K822350, K905458, K924650, K934742, K940795, K053609 and K110167 and K160884).
The HemoSphere Pressure Cable provides an interface to connect with currently cleared and commercially available Edwards Lifesciences FloTrac (K152980), FloTrac IQ (K152980) and TruWave DPT sensors (K142749).
The HemoSphere Pressure Cable also enables the Acumen Hypotension Prediction Index (HPI) feature when connected to an Acumen IQ sensor.
The HemoSphere Tissue Oximetry Module is an interface module intended to be used with the Fore-Sight Elite Tissue Oximeter Module (K180003, cleared May 10, 2018) to display continuous monitoring of blood oxygen saturation in the tissue (StO2).
Additionally, the HemoSphere Advanced Monitoring Platform includes the Fluid Responsiveness Test feature (fluid bolus and passive leg raise).
The HemoSphere Advanced Monitor has an input that can be connected to an external vital sign patient monitor for slaving in an analog ECG and pressure signals. The HemoSphere Platform uses this analog ECG input signal to calculate a heart rate that is used by the HemoSphere Swan-Ganz Module to calculate certain derived parameters (e.g. HRavg, SV, RVEF and EDV).
The HemoSphere Pressure-Out cable enables output of analog pressure signals (AP, CVP or PAP) for display on an external patient monitor.

The provided text is a 510(k) Summary for the "HemoSphere Advanced Monitoring Platform" and its associated modules and features. It primarily focuses on demonstrating substantial equivalence to predicate devices and detailing performance through various verification and validation activities.

Here's an analysis of the acceptance criteria and the study that proves the device meets them, based on the information provided:

1. A table of acceptance criteria and the reported device performance

The document does not explicitly present a table of acceptance criteria with corresponding device performance metrics in the format requested (e.g., specific thresholds for accuracy, sensitivity, specificity for the Hypotension Prediction Index or other parameters). Instead, it states that "All tests passed" for various verification activities.

However, based on the description of the testing performed, the implicit acceptance criterion for each test was that the device met its predetermined design and performance specifications.

2. Sample size used for the test set and the data provenance (e.g., country of origin of the data, retrospective or prospective)

The document mentions "bench simulation" for system verification and "bench and simulated environment testing" for wireless coexistence. For the usability study, "32 users" were involved.

• Test Set Sample Size:
  • System Verification: Not explicitly stated beyond "bench simulation."
  • Wireless Coexistence: Not explicitly stated beyond "bench and simulated environment."
  • Usability Study: 32 users.
• Data Provenance: The document does not specify the country of origin for the testing data or whether it was retrospective or prospective. Given the nature of "bench simulation" and "simulated environment," these are inherently prospective tests conducted in a controlled lab setting rather than on patient data from a real clinical setting.

3. Number of experts used to establish the ground truth for the test set and the qualifications of those experts

The document does not describe the establishment of a ground truth by experts in a clinical context. The testing primarily involved performance verification against design specifications and relevant standards in laboratory settings.

For the usability study, "32 users with a mix of clinicians and nurses" were involved, but their role was in usability testing (evaluating the human-device interface) rather than establishing ground truth for a diagnostic algorithm.

4. Adjudication method (e.g., 2+1, 3+1, none) for the test set

No adjudication method is mentioned. This is consistent with the type of testing performed (bench/simulated verification and usability testing) which typically does not involve adjudication of clinical data.

5. If a multi reader multi case (MRMC) comparative effectiveness study was done, If so, what was the effect size of how much human readers improve with AI vs without AI assistance

No Multi-Reader Multi-Case (MRMC) comparative effectiveness study was done. The document explicitly states: "Clinical data was not required for this device." Therefore, there is no information on improvement of human readers with or without AI assistance. The Acumen Hypotension Prediction Index (HPI) feature is described as providing "physiological insight" and "additional quantitative information" for reference, with the caveat that "no therapeutic decisions should be made based solely on the Hypotension Prediction Index (HPI) parameter." This indicates that it's an informational tool, not a diagnostic aid requiring human-in-the-loop performance evaluation in the described submission.

6. If a standalone (i.e. algorithm only without human-in-the-loop performance) was done

The "Acumen Hypotension Prediction Index feature" is an algorithm. While its standalone performance is not detailed with specific metrics (e.g., accuracy, sensitivity, specificity of hypotension prediction), its inclusion as part of the overall system verification implies that its computational function was tested. The statement "Verification and validation testing was performed to compare the performance and functionality of the HemoSphere Advanced Monitoring Platform to its predicate devices. Testing included a side-by-side comparison of the output parameters using a bench test" suggests that the HPI's output, like other parameters, was verified against expected values or predicate device outputs in a simulated environment. However, specific performance metrics for the HPI algorithm itself are not provided in this summary.

7. The type of ground truth used (expert consensus, pathology, outcomes data, etc.)

The document does not detail the use of expert consensus, pathology, or outcomes data to establish ground truth.

• For system verification, the implied ground truth would be the device's own predetermined design and performance specifications, likely established through engineering and scientific principles. "Bench simulation" typically involves comparing device outputs to known inputs or established reference values.
• For electrical safety, EMC, wireless coexistence, and software verification, the ground truth is defined by the compliance requirements of the cited industry and FDA standards (e.g., IEC 60601 series, FDA Guidance for software).
• For the usability study, the "ground truth" equates to the successful completion of tasks by users, and compliance with usability engineering principles, rather than a clinical truth.

8. The sample size for the training set

The document describes verification and validation activities conducted on the device, but it does not mention a training set sample size. This is consistent with the type of submission which focuses on substantial equivalence for hardware, integrated software functions, and an analytical feature (HPI) where the underlying algorithms might have been developed and "trained" prior to this specific submission, and this submission focuses on their integration and verification in the new platform. If the HPI algorithm itself had undergone a new, extensive development and training phase relevant to this submission, more details would typically be provided.

9. How the ground truth for the training set was established

Since no training set is mentioned, there is no information on how its ground truth was established. For algorithms like HPI, ground truth during development would typically involve physiological data labeled with actual hypotensive events from a large pool of patients, but this information is not part of this 510(k) summary.

Ask a specific question about this device

HemoSphere Advanced Monitor with HemoSphere Swan-Ganz Module
The HemoSphere Advanced Monitor when used with the HemoSphere Swan-Ganz Module and Edwards Swan-Ganz Catheters is indicated for use in adult and pediatric critical care patients requiring of cardiac output [continuous (CO) and intermittent (iCO)] and derived hemodynamic parameters in a hospital environment. Refer to the Edwards Swan-Ganz catheter indications for use statement for information on target patient population specific to the catheter being used.
Refer to the Intended Use statement for a complete list of measured and derived parameters available for each patient population.
HemoSphere Advanced Monitor with HemoSphere Oximetry Cable
The HemoSphere Advanced Monitor when used with the HemoSphere Oximetry Cable and Edwards is indicated for use in adult and pediative critical care patients requiring of venous oxygen saturation (SvO2 and ScvO2) and derived hemodynamic parameters in a hospital environment. Refer to the Edwards oximetry catheter indications for use statement for information on target patient population specific to the catheter being used.
Refer to the Intended Use statement for a complete list of measured and derived parameters available for each patient population.
HemoSphere Advanced Monitor with HemoSphere Pressure Cable
The HemoSphere Advanced Monitor when used with the HemoSphere Pressure Cable is indicated for use in critical care patients in which the balance between cardiac function. fluid status, vascular resistance and pressure needs continuous assessment. It may be used for monitoring hemodynamic parameters in conjunction with a perioperative goal directed therapy protocol in a hospital environment. Refer to the Edwards FloTrac IQ and TruWave DPT sensor indications for use statement for information on target patient population specific to the sensor being used.
The Edwards Lifesciences Acumen Hypotension Prediction Index feature provides the clinician with physiological insight into a patient's likelihood of future hypotensive events (defined as mean arterial pressure

The HemoSphere Advanced Monitoring platform was designed to simplify the customer experience by providing one platform with modular solutions for their hemodynamic monitoring needs. The user can choose from the available optional sub-system modules or use multiple sub-system modules at the same time. This modular approach provides the customer with the choice of purchasing and/or using specific monitoring applications based on their needs. Users are not required to have all of the modules installed at the same time for the platform to function.
The HemoSphere Advanced Monitoring Platform consists of the HemoSphere Advanced Monitor that provides a means to interact with and visualize hemodynamic and volumetric data on a screen and three optional external modules: the HemoSphere Swan-Ganz Module (existing), the HemoSphere Oximetry Cable (existing) and the HemoSphere Pressure Cable (new to the platform). This version of the platform also includes the Acumen Hypotension Prediction Index feature.
The existing optional modules provide an interface to connect with currently cleared and commercially available Edwards Lifesciences Swan-Ganz catheters and Oximetry catheters (K803058, K822350, K905458, K924650, K934742, K940795, K053609 and K110167 and K160884).
The new HemoSphere Pressure Cable provides an interface to connect with currently cleared and commercially available Edwards Lifesciences FloTrac (K152980), FloTrac IQ (K152980) and TruWave DPT sensors (K142749).
All the sub-system modules provide the hardware and software technology to compute hemodynamic monitoring data that is then sent to the HemoSphere Advanced Monitor for visualization and storage.
As cleared under K163381 on April 14, 2017, the HemoSphere Advanced Monitor has an input that can be connected to an external vital sign patient monitor for the purpose of slaving in an analog ECG and pressure signals. The HemoSphere Platform uses this analog ECG input signal to calculate a heart rate that is used by the HemoSphere Swan-Ganz Module to calculate certain derived parameters (e.g. HRavg, SV, RVEF and EDV).
The HemoSphere Advanced Monitor when used with the HemoSphere Pressure Cable (new to the HemoSphere platform) uses the same monitoring technology (pressure and pressure based Cardiac Output), the same computational algorithms and the same default alarm limits as the EV1000A Clinical Platform (K160552, cleared June 1, 2016).
The HemoSphere Pressure Cable also enables the Acumen Hypotension Prediction Index (HPI) feature when connected to a FloTrac IQ sensor similar to the EV1000A Clinical Platform (DEN160044, granted March 16, 2018).
The HemoSphere Pressure Cable when connected to a TruWave DPT sensor and a compatible Edwards Advanced Swan-Ganz catheter allows monitoring of a new parameter; Mean Pulmonary Arterial Pressure (MPAP).
Additionally, a HemoSphere Pressure-Out cable has been developed for the HemoSphere Advanced Monitor. This cable enables output of analog pressure signals (MAP, CVP or PAP) for display on an external patient monitor.

The provided text is a 510(k) summary for the Edwards Lifesciences HemoSphere Advanced Monitor, HemoSphere Swan-Ganz Module, HemoSphere Oximetry Cable, HemoSphere Pressure Cable, and Acumen Hypotension Prediction Index feature.

Based on the provided document, here's a breakdown of the acceptance criteria and the study proving the device meets them:

No clinical performance data (multi-reader multi-case study, standalone performance) for the Acumen Hypotension Prediction Index (HPI) feature is provided in this 510(k) summary. The document explicitly states: "Clinical data was not required for this device." The review of the Acumen HPI feature is described as "similar to that granted in DEN160044 on March 2018." Therefore, information regarding acceptance criteria and performance studies for the Acumen HPI feature would likely be found in the DEN160044 submission, not in this document.

The provided document focuses on demonstrating substantial equivalence to predicate devices through non-clinical performance testing (bench and simulated environment testing) for the new or modified components of the HemoSphere Advanced Monitoring Platform, particularly the HemoSphere Pressure Cable and the integration of the Acumen HPI feature (which itself was previously cleared).

Therefore, the following answers are based on the information provided for the HemoSphere system components and the integration of the HPI feature, not the HPI algorithm's performance itself.

1. Table of Acceptance Criteria and Reported Device Performance

Since this submission focuses on non-clinical testing for substantial equivalence, the "acceptance criteria" are not detailed as specific performance metrics with target values for accuracy, sensitivity, or specificity in a clinical context. Instead, the acceptance criteria are implicitly that the device performs functionally as intended and meets relevant safety and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standards. The "reported device performance" is that all tests passed, demonstrating functional equivalence to predicate devices and adherence to safety standards.

2. Sample Size Used for the Test Set and Data Provenance

• Test Set Sample Size: Not applicable in the context of a clinical test set for AI performance. The testing described is non-clinical (bench and simulated environment).
• Data Provenance: Not applicable for a clinical test set. The data originates from bench testing, simulated environments, and usability studies. No specific country of origin for clinical data is mentioned as none was gathered. The provenance is internal company testing. The studies were non-clinical.

3. Number of Experts Used to Establish the Ground Truth for the Test Set and Qualifications of those Experts

• Not applicable for the type of testing described. Ground truth for the non-clinical tests (e.g., pressure measurements, electrical safety) would be established by reference standards, calibrated equipment, or engineering specifications, not by human experts interpreting data.
• For the usability study, "32 users with a mix of clinicians and nurses" were involved. Their qualifications are listed as "clinicians and nurses" but no further detail on their experience level is provided for establishing "ground truth" (as their role was to evaluate usability, not establish a clinical gold standard).

4. Adjudication Method for the Test Set

• Not applicable for the type of testing described (non-clinical verification). Adjudication is typically used in clinical studies where multiple human readers interpret data that may have ambiguity, which is not the case for electrical safety or bench performance verification.

5. If a Multi-Reader Multi-Case (MRMC) Comparative Effectiveness Study was done

• No, an MRMC comparative effectiveness study was explicitly NOT done. The document states: "Clinical data was not required for this device."

6. If a Standalone (i.e. algorithm only without human-in-the-loop performance) was done

• No, a standalone clinical performance study of the Acumen HPI algorithm was not presented in this submission. The submission states that the HPI feature is "similar to that granted in DEN160044 on March 2018." This implies that the standalone performance of the HPI algorithm was evaluated as part of the DEN160044 submission, not this K180881 submission.
• The tests performed were non-clinical, verifying the integration and function of the HPI feature within the new HemoSphere platform, rather than re-evaluating the core HPI algorithm's performance.

7. The Type of Ground Truth Used

• For the non-clinical performance and verification testing:
  • Bench Testing: Ground truth established through calibrated measurement devices, comparison to reference standards, and predetermined design specifications.
  • Electrical Safety/EMC: Defined by international standards (e.g., IEC 60601 series).
  • Software Verification: Defined by software requirements specifications and testing protocols.
  • Usability Study: User feedback against usability goals and metrics.
• For the Acumen HPI feature itself, the previous submission (DEN160044) would have defined its ground truth (e.g., actual hypotensive events observed in clinical data), but this information is not in this document. The current submission relies on the prior clearance.

8. The Sample Size for the Training Set

• Not applicable for this submission. This document describes the 510(k) clearance for a device (HemoSphere monitor and cables) and the integration of a previously cleared feature (Acumen HPI). It does not describe the training or development of the Acumen HPI algorithm itself. Training set information would reside with the data used to develop the Acumen HPI algorithm, likely part of the DEN160044 submission.

9. How the Ground Truth for the Training Set Was Established

• Not applicable for this submission, as it does not detail the training set for the Acumen HPI algorithm. This information would be found in the documentation for the original DEN160044 submission for the Acumen HPI feature.

Ask a specific question about this device

HemoSphere Advanced Monitor with HemoSphere Swan-Ganz Module

The HemoSphere Advanced Monitor when used with the HemoSphere Swan-Ganz Module and Edwards Swan-Ganz Catheters is indicated for use in adult and pediatric critical care patients requiring monitoring of cardiac output [continuous (CO) and intermittent (iCO)] and derived hemodynamic parameters in a hospital environment. Refer to the Edwards Swan-Ganz catheter indications for use statement for information on target patient population specific to the catheter being used.

Refer to the Intended Use statement for a complete list of measured and derived parameters available for each patient population.

HemoSphere Advanced Monitor with HemoSphere Oximetry Cable

The HemoSphere Advanced Monitor when used with the HemoSphere Oximetry cable and Edwards is indicated for use in adult and pediatic critical care patients requiring of venous oxygen saturation (SvO2 and ScvO2) and derived hemodynamic parameters in a hospital environment. Refer to the Edwards oximetry catheter indications for use statement for information on target patient population specific to the catheter being used.

Refer to the Intended Use statement for a complete list of measured and derived parameters available for each patient population.

The HemoSphere Advanced Monitoring Platform is intended to be used by qualified personnel or trained clinicians in a critical care environment in a hospital setting.

The HemoSphere Advanced Monitoring Platform is intended for use with the Edwards Swan-Ganz and Oximetry Catheters.

The HemoSphere Advanced Monitoring Platform is a modular system which uses the same monitoring technology (CCO, ICO, Oximetry), the same associated devices (Swan-Ganz and Oximetry Catheters), the same analog inputs from external vital sign monitors, the same computational algorithms for hemodynamic monitoring and the same default alarm limits as the Vigilance II System (K043103, cleared December 9, 2004). Updates made to the HemoSphere Advanced Monitoring Platform include a modernized look (updated Graphical User Interface (GUI) and touchscreen monitor), wireless capability, a modular architecture for scalability and two new derived oximetry parameters. The updated GUI is similar to the GUI utilized in the EV1000 Clinical Platform (K160552, cleared June 01, 2016). The two new derived oximetry parameters (Estimated Oxygen Consumption (VO2e) and Estimated Oxygen Consumption Index (VO2Ie)) are derived parameters that are currently available on the EV1000 Clinical Platform (K160552, cleared June 01, 2016).

The HemoSphere Advanced Monitoring Platform consists of the HemoSphere Advanced Monitor that provides a means to interact with and visualize hemodynamic and volumetric data on a screen and two optional external modules: the HemoSphere Swan-Ganz Module and the HemoSphere Oximetry Cable.

These optional modules provide an interface to connect with currently cleared and commercially available Edwards Lifesciences Swan-Ganz and Oximetry catheters (K803058, K822350, K905458, K924650, K934742, K940795, K053609 and K110167 and K160884). The modules provide the software technology to compute hemodynamic monitoring data that is then sent to the monitor for visualization and storage.

The HemoSphere Advanced Monitor has an input that can be connected to an external vital sign patient monitor for the purpose of slaving in an analog ECG signal. The HemoSphere Platform uses this analog ECG input signal to calculate a heart rate that is used by the HemoSphere Swan-Ganz Module to calculate certain derived parameters (e.g. HRavg, SV, RVEF and EDV).

The provided text describes the Edwards Lifesciences HemoSphere Advanced Monitor, HemoSphere Swan-ganz Module, and HemoSphere Oximetry Cable. This K163381 submission details the device, its intended use, and substantial equivalence to predicate devices, but it does not contain the specific acceptance criteria or the study that definitively "proves" the device meets acceptance criteria in the format requested.

The document focuses on demonstrating substantial equivalence to a predicate device (Vigilance II Continuous Cardiac Output/Oximetry/Volumetric Monitor, K043103). The performance data section describes verification activities rather than a formal study with predefined acceptance criteria for a new AI/algorithmic performance metric.

Based on the provided text, here's what can be extracted and what is missing:

1. Table of Acceptance Criteria and Reported Device Performance

This information is not explicitly provided in the given text. The document refers to "predetermined design and performance specifications" for the verification activities but does not list them in a table or state specific numerical targets for accuracy, sensitivity, or specificity for the parameters measured by the device.

2. Sample Size Used for the Test Set and Data Provenance

This information is not provided for a test set in the context of an AI/algorithmic performance study. The document mentions "bench simulation" for key parameters, and an "animal study involving 4 pigs." This is not a test set for assessing algorithmic performance in humans.

3. Number of Experts Used to Establish Ground Truth for the Test Set and Their Qualifications

This information is not applicable/provided as no human expert-adjudicated test set for algorithmic performance is described. The "animal study involving 4 pigs and 25 clinicians" was for usability verification, not for establishing ground truth for device measurements.

4. Adjudication Method for the Test Set

This information is not applicable/provided as no human expert-adjudicated test set for algorithmic performance is described.

5. Multi-Reader Multi-Case (MRMC) Comparative Effectiveness Study

A MRMC comparative effectiveness study was not done or described. The document explicitly states an "animal study involving 4 pigs and 25 clinicians was performed to verify usability of the HemoSphere Advanced Monitoring Platform," which is not an MRMC study comparing human readers with and without AI assistance for diagnostic performance.

6. Standalone Performance Study

While the device's computational algorithms are mentioned as being the same as the predicate device, a standalone (algorithm only without human-in-the-loop) performance study with specific metrics like accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, etc., against a new set of data is not explicitly described. The "System Verification" section mentions testing key parameters using a bench simulation, which implies some form of standalone testing, but specific performance results and acceptance criteria are not detailed.

• Key Cardiac Output parameters (ICO, CCO, RVEF, Blood Temperature and Injectate Temperature) and Oximetry parameters (SvO2 and ScvO2) were tested using a bench simulation. However, the detailed results or acceptance criteria for these tests are not present.

7. Type of Ground Truth Used

For the bench simulation of cardiac output and oximetry parameters, the ground truth would likely be established by the known inputs or reference measurements from the simulation system. For the "usability animal study," the ground truth was related to the device's interaction and functionality as observed by clinicians, not a medical ground truth for diagnosis/measurement accuracy.

8. Sample Size for the Training Set

This information is not provided. The device uses "the same computational algorithms for hemodynamic monitoring" as its predicate device (Vigilance II, K043103). This implies the algorithms were developed and "trained" (if applicable to this type of algorithm) prior to this submission, likely based on data relevant to the predicate device's development. No new training set or training process is described for the HemoSphere platform, as it primarily represents a modernization and feature addition rather than a new core algorithm.

9. How Ground Truth for the Training Set Was Established

This information is not provided, as no new training set is described. For the original algorithms from the predicate device, the ground truth would have been established through methods appropriate for physiological parameter measurement, such as direct measurement using established invasive techniques, reference devices, or controlled experimental conditions in labs or animal studies.

Ask a specific question about this device