Search Results

The T2Bacteria Panel run on the T2Dx Instrument is a qualitative T2 Magnetic Resonance (T2MR) test for the direct detection of bacterial species in K2EDTA human whole blood specimens with suspected bacteremia. The T2Bacteria Panel identifies six species of bacter baumannii, Enterococus faccium, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.

The T2Bacteria Panel is indicated as an aid in the diagnosis of bacteremia and results should be used in conjunction with other clinical and laboratory data. Concomitant blood cultures are necessary to recover organisms for susceptibility testing or further identification and for organisms not detected by the T2Bacteria Panel.

Results from the T2Bacteria Panel are not intended to be used as for diagnosis, treatment, or other patient management decisions in patients with suspected bacteremia.

The T2Bacteria Panel detects and identifies six bacterial target species directly from whole blood specimens and independent of blood culture using nucleic acid amplification and proprietary T2MR detection technology. The assay is performed on the proprietary T2Dx platform. The whole blood specimen, drawn into a blood collection tube containing K₂EDTA is used for the test. The blood collection tube containing a minimum of 3 mL of blood is loaded directly onto the T2Dx instrument as part of the assembled Cartridge, a single use self-contained unit that contains all of the reagents and disposables required to run a single test. Fully automated on the T2Dx, the blood specimen is mixed with the Lysis Reagent to lyse the red blood cells and the bacterial cells are concentrated by centrifygation. The Internal Control is added to the concentrated bacterial cells, which then undergo a bead beating step to lyse the bacteria cells. The supernatant containing the DNA from the lysed bacterial cells and the Internal Control are amplified with the target and Internal Control specific primers. The generated amplicon is then aliquoted into individual tubes containing target specific conjugated particles for Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and the Internal Control. These individual tubes are read in the MR reader and a signal is generated.

Up to seven specimens can be loaded onto the T2Dx Instrument in parallel. When running a single specimen, the first result is reported in 3.5 hours from the specimen is loaded onto the instrument. The results are interpreted using the T2Dx applications software as valid or invalid, and if valid, target specific results are reported as Positive or Target not Detected. For one target, the Escherichia coli channel, results are reported as Positive, Indeterminate, or Target not Detected. An Indeterminate result is a valid result, but the presence or absence of Escherichia coli cannot be definitively assessed, and the indeterminate status applies only to the Escherichia coli channel. Results are displayed on the T2Dx touchscreen and can be printed. Raw T2MR data are not available to the end user.

Here's a summary of the acceptance criteria and study details for the T2Bacteria Panel, specifically concerning the addition of Acinetobacter baumannii detection:

Acceptance Criteria and Device Performance for Acinetobacter baumannii

Study Details for Acinetobacter baumannii Performance

1. Test Set Sample Size and Data Provenance:

   • Clinical Performance Study (Prospective Arm): 1,427 subjects were enrolled prospectively.
     • Provenance: US (indicated by "evaluated at eleven sites within the US").
     • Type: Prospective.
   • Clinical Performance Study (Contrived Arm):
     • 50 contrived specimens directly for A. baumannii.
     • 300 blood samples not spiked with A. baumannii members (250 of these spiked with other T2Bacteria Panel organisms).
     • Provenance: Healthy donor whole blood, prepared at internal/external lab.
     • Type: Contrived (spiked samples).
   • Reproducibility Study: Total of 108 replicates (36 replicates per sample per site) for each test concentration and negative control, conducted across three sites.
   • Analytical Reactivity (Inclusivity) Study: 14 strains tested, 3 replicates each (20 replicates if initial false negative).
   • Analytical Specificity (Exclusivity) Study: 128 different organisms tested.
   • Interfering Substances Study: 3 replicates for each substance tested.
   • Evaluation of False Positive Results (Retrospective): 980 valid samples (98 replicates for each of 10 reagent lots).
   • Additional A. baumannii Contrived Samples: 33 unique strains tested.

2. Number of Experts and Qualifications for Ground Truth (Clinical Study):

   • The document implies that species identification for positive blood cultures was performed by standard laboratory methods (Gram stain, bioMerieux Vitek® 2, bioMerieux or Bruker MALDI TOF, and PCR). It does not specify the number of individual experts or their years of experience for establishing the ground truth from blood cultures. The ground truth relies on conventional microbiology techniques as the reference method.

3. Adjudication Method for Test Set:

   • The document does not explicitly describe an adjudication method for the clinical study results in terms of conflict resolution between multiple reviewers. The primary comparison is the T2Bacteria Panel results against the blood culture reference method.
   • For potential false positive analyses, there was a hierarchy: "Other Blood Culture positive," "Sequencing positive," "Strong evidence of infection," "Other evidence of infection," and "No evidence of infection" were used to re-evaluate T2+/BC- cases. This acts as a form of retrospective adjudication or re-classification of discrepant results.

4. Multi-Reader Multi-Case (MRMC) Comparative Effectiveness Study:

   • No, a multi-reader multi-case (MRMC) comparative effectiveness study was not done. This device is an in-vitro diagnostic (IVD) test, not an AI-assisted interpretation tool for human readers. It provides a direct result (Positive/Negative for specific bacteria), so there's no "human readers improve with AI vs without AI assistance" effect size to be measured. The output is from the device itself.

5. Standalone (Algorithm Only) Performance:

   • Yes, the performance metrics (PPA, NPA, LoD, Reproducibility, Specificity, Inclusivity) reported are for the standalone device (T2Bacteria Panel on the T2Dx Instrument) without human input for result interpretation other than loading the sample and reading the final result from the instrument's display or printout. The "algorithm" here refers to the instrument's internal processing and detection logic.

6. Type of Ground Truth Used:

   • Clinical Study: Gold Standard for bacteremia was blood culture (with species identification by Gram stain, Vitek® 2, MALDI TOF, and PCR). For some discrepant cases (T2+/BC-), gene sequencing from blood samples and clinical outcomes/other culture positives were used for further analysis.
   • Analytical Studies (LoD, Reproducibility, Inclusivity, Exclusivity, Interference, Competitive Inhibition): Ground truth was established by known concentrations of spiked bacterial strains (confirmed by colony count where applicable).

7. Training Set Sample Size:

   • The document does not explicitly state the sample size for a "training set" in the context of machine learning. This device uses T2 Magnetic Resonance (T2MR) technology and nucleic acid amplification, which points towards a rule-based or signal-processing algorithm rather than a typical machine learning model that would require a distinct "training set" for model development. The development and optimization of the assay would have involved numerous experiments, but these are generally referred to as assay development or verification, rather than a "training set" for AI.

8. How Ground Truth for Training Set was Established:

   • As there isn't a traditional "training set" in the AI/ML sense, the concept of ground truth establishment for it doesn't directly apply. The assay development would have involved extensive analytical studies using well-characterized bacterial strains at known concentrations, with confirmation by standard microbiological methods (e.g., colony counting) to establish the true presence and quantity of targets. These analytical studies ensure the robust performance of the underlying molecular and T2MR detection principles.

Ask a specific question about this device

The T2Bacteria Panel run on the T2Dx Instrument is a qualitative T2 magnetic resonance (T2MR) test for the direct detection of bacterial species in K2EDTA human whole blood specimens with suspected bacteremia. The T2Bacteria Panel identifies five species of bacteria: Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus.

The T2Bacteria Panel is indicated as an aid in the diagnosis of bacteremia and results should be used in conjunction with other clinical and laboratory data. Concomitant blood cultures are necessary to recover organisms for susceptibility testing or further identification, and for organisms not detected by the T2Bacteria Panel.

Results from the T2Bacteria Panel are not intended to be used as the sole basis for diagnosis, treatment management decisions in patients with suspected bacteremia.

The T2Bacteria Panel detects and identifies five bacterial target species directly from whole blood specimens and independent of blood culture using nucleic acid amplification and proprietary T2MR® detection technology. The assay is performed on the proprietary T2Dx platform.

The whole blood specimen, drawn into a blood collection tube containing K₂EDTA is used for the test. The blood collection tube containing a minimum of 3 mL of blood is loaded directly onto the T2Dx instrument as part of the assembled Cartridge, a single use self-contained unit that contains all of the reagents and disposables required to run a single test.

Fully automated on the T2Dx, the blood specimen is mixed with the Lysis Reagent to lyse the red blood cells and the bacterial cells are concentrated by centrifugation. The Internal Control is added to the concentrated bacterial cells, which then undergo a bead beating step to lyse the bacteria cells. The supernatant containing the DNA from the lysed bacterial cells and the Internal Control are amplified with the target and Internal Control specific primers. The generated amplicon is then aliquoted into individual tubes containing targetspecific conjugated particles for Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and the Internal Control. These individual tubes are read in the MR reader and a signal is generated.

Up to seven specimens can be loaded onto the T2Dx Instrument in parallel. When running a single specimen, the first result is reported in 3.5 hours from the time the specimen is loaded onto the instrument. The results are interpreted using the T2Dx applications software as valid or invalid, and if valid, target specific results are reported as Positive or Target not Detected. For one target, the Escherichia coli channel, results are reported as Positive, Indeterminate, or Target not Detected. An Indeterminate result is a valid result, but the presence or absence of Escherichia coli cannot be definitively assessed, and the indeterminate status applies only to the Escherichia coli channel. Results are displayed on the T2Dx touchscreen and can be printed. Raw T2MR data are not available to the end user.

Here's a breakdown of the acceptance criteria and study information for the T2Bacteria Panel, based on the provided text:

1. Acceptance Criteria and Reported Device Performance

The document does not explicitly state "acceptance criteria" for the clinical study in a dedicated table format. However, it presents the performance metrics (PPA and NPA) for each target species. We can infer the implicit acceptance criteria from these reported values, typically striving for high sensitivity (PPA) and specificity (NPA). For the purpose of this response, I will list the reported performance from the combined prospective and contrived arms as the "reported device performance."

Note: PPA (Sensitivity) was calculated against samples with titer levels at or above the limit of detection (LoD) in the Contrived Arm and blood culture positives in the Prospective Arm. NPA (Specificity) was calculated from all samples (including below LoD and unspiked negative samples) as the total number of negative channels divided by total number of non-spiked channels in the Contrived Arm and blood culture negatives in the Prospective Arm.

2. Sample Size Used for the Test Set and Data Provenance

• Prospective Arm: 1,427 subjects tested. The study was conducted at eleven sites within the US. The data is prospective.
• Contrived Arm: 250 contrived specimens (50 strains of each of the five bacterial species) and an additional 100 blood samples not spiked with T2Bacteria Panel members. These were evaluated at three sites. The data is contrived (laboratory-prepared).

3. Number of Experts Used to Establish the Ground Truth for the Test Set and the Qualifications of Those Experts

The document does not explicitly state the number of experts or their qualifications used to establish the ground truth for the test set.

For the Prospective Arm, the ground truth was "the reference method of blood culture," with species identification performed on all positive bacteria cultures using methods like Gram stain, bioMerieux Vitek® 2, bioMerieux or Bruker MALDI TOF, and PCR. This implies standard laboratory professionals and potentially clinicians reviewed and confirmed results, but specific details on expert involvement for ground truth establishment are not provided.

For the Contrived Arm, the ground truth was established by spiking known concentrations of bacterial species into healthy donor whole blood. This is a controlled, laboratory-defined ground truth, not reliant on expert interpretation for "truth" but rather on the setup of the experiment.

4. Adjudication Method for the Test Set

The document does not explicitly state an adjudication method (such as 2+1, 3+1, etc.) for establishing ground truth from the blood cultures in the clinical study. It refers to "species identification was performed on all positive bacteria cultures and methods included Gram stain, bioMerieux Vitek® 2, bioMerieux or Bruker MALDI TOF, and PCR." Discordant analysis for T2(+)/BC(-) cases was performed, identifying "strong evidence of infection" based on other blood cultures or sequencing, or "other evidence of infection" from non-blood cultures, but this is a reconciliation process rather than an initial ground truth adjudication.

5. If a Multi-Reader Multi-Case (MRMC) Comparative Effectiveness Study Was Done, If So, What Was the Effect Size of How Much Human Readers Improve with AI vs. Without AI Assistance

Not applicable. This device is a diagnostic test (T2Bacteria Panel) that directly detects bacterial species using T2 magnetic resonance technology. It is not an AI-assisted diagnostic tool for human readers; it provides a direct result. Therefore, no MRMC comparative effectiveness study involving human readers improving with or without AI assistance was performed.

6. If a Standalone (i.e., algorithm only without human-in-the-loop performance) Was Done

Yes, this was a standalone performance study. The T2Bacteria Panel is an automated diagnostic instrument. "Results are interpreted using the T2Dx applications software as valid or invalid, and if valid, target specific results are reported as Positive or Target not Detected." The clinical performance evaluation directly compares the device's results to blood culture results. There isn't a human-in-the-loop component for interpreting the T2Bacteria Panel's output described in the document.

7. The Type of Ground Truth Used (Expert Consensus, Pathology, Outcomes Data, Etc.)

The primary ground truth used was blood culture results with species identification. For the contrived arm, the ground truth was the known spiked bacterial species and concentrations.

For the discordant analysis of T2(+)/BC(-) results, additional forms of evidence were used to assess the likelihood of a true positive, which included:

• Other blood cultures positive for the same organism within ±14 days.
• Sequencing of concurrently drawn blood samples.
• Other non-blood matrices cultured positive for the same organism within ±14 days.

8. The Sample Size for the Training Set

The document does not explicitly mention a separate "training set" for the T2Bacteria Panel. This is typically a characteristic of machine learning models. For a molecular diagnostic assay like this, development usually involves analytical studies to optimize reagents and parameters (LoD, specificity, etc.), rather than a distinct "training set" in the machine learning sense. The performance data presented (LoD, Reproducibility, Inclusivity, Exclusivity, Competitive Inhibition, Interfering Substances) represent analytical validation studies.

9. How the Ground Truth for the Training Set Was Established

As no explicit "training set" is mentioned in the machine learning context, this question is not applicable. The ground truth for analytical validation studies (which could be considered analogous to development/optimization) was established through controlled laboratory experiments, such as spiking known organisms at specific concentrations into whole blood.

Ask a specific question about this device