K Number
K974176
Device Name
BABYLOG 8000 PLUS
Manufacturer
Date Cleared
1998-06-17

(223 days)

Product Code
Regulation Number
868.5895
AI/MLSaMDIVD (In Vitro Diagnostic)TherapeuticDiagnosticis PCCP Authorized
Intended Use
The Babylog 8000 plus is a long term ventilator to be used in intensive care of premature and newborn babies and of infants up to 10 kg (22 lbs). The device provides the following ventilation modes: CMV Continuous Mandatory Ventilation AIC Assist Control Ventilation SIMV Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation Pressure Support Ventilation (available option) PSV CPAP Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Ventilation mode extension: VG Volume Guarantee (available option), Volume controlled ventilation VIVE Variable Inspiratory, Variable Expiratory Flow
Device Description
The Babylog 8000 plus is an enhanced version of its predecessor Babylog 8000. It is a long-term, microprocessor-controlled, intensive care ventilator for premature and newborn babies, as well as for infants weighing up to about 10 kg. The Babylog 8000 plus ventilates according to the continuous-flow principle with either time control or volume control, depending on the ventilation mode, and pressure limitation. Oxygen is metered out by the integrated air/O2 mixer. A variety of the device functions are monitored in operation to make sure that safety-relevant failures are detected and safety for the patient is maintained. The analog and digital interface is optionally available for connecting the Babylog 8000 plus to a device like a patient monitor or computer so that measured values and settings can be transferred to such equipment. The ventilator can also be combined with a medicament nebulizer.
More Information

Not Found

No
The description focuses on microprocessor control and standard ventilation modes, with no mention of AI or ML terms or functionalities.

Yes
The device is a long-term ventilator used to provide breathing support for premature and newborn babies, which directly addresses a physiological need and provides medical treatment.

No

Explanation: The device is described as a long-term ventilator used for providing respiratory support (ventilation modes) to premature and newborn babies, not for diagnosing medical conditions.

No

The device description clearly indicates it is a hardware device (ventilator) with microprocessor control and integrated components like an air/O2 mixer, not solely software.

Based on the provided information, the Babylog 8000 plus is not an IVD (In Vitro Diagnostic) device.

Here's why:

  • IVD Definition: In Vitro Diagnostic devices are used to examine specimens (like blood, urine, or tissue) taken from the human body to provide information about a person's health. This is typically done outside of the body (in vitro).
  • Babylog 8000 plus Function: The Babylog 8000 plus is a ventilator. Its function is to assist or control breathing in patients by delivering air and oxygen directly into the lungs. This is a life-support device that interacts directly with the patient's respiratory system inside the body.
  • Intended Use: The intended use clearly states it's a "long term ventilator to be used in intensive care of premature and newborn babies and of infants". This describes a therapeutic intervention, not a diagnostic test performed on a specimen.
  • Device Description: The description details how it provides ventilation, mixes gases, and monitors functions related to breathing. There is no mention of analyzing biological samples.

Therefore, the Babylog 8000 plus falls under the category of a medical device used for patient treatment and support, not an In Vitro Diagnostic device.

N/A

Intended Use / Indications for Use

The Babylog 8000 plus is a long term ventilator to be used in intensive care of premature and newborn babies and of infants up to 10 kg (22lbs). The device provides the following ventilation modes: CMV Continuous Mandatory Ventilation AIC Assist Control Ventilation SIMV Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation Pressure Support Ventilation (available option) PSV CPAP Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Ventilation mode extension: VG Volume Guarantee (available option), Volume controlled ventilation VIVE Variable Inspiratory, Variable Expiratory Flow.

Product codes (comma separated list FDA assigned to the subject device)

73 CBK

Device Description

The Babylog 8000 plus is an enhanced version of its predecessor Babylog 8000. It is a long-term, microprocessor-controlled, intensive care ventilator for premature and newborn babies, as well as for infants weighing up to about 10 kg. The Babylog 8000 plus ventilates according to the continuous-flow principle with either time control or volume control, depending on the ventilation mode, and pressure limitation. Oxygen is metered out by the integrated air/O2 mixer. A variety of the device functions are monitored in operation to make sure that safety-relevant failures are detected and safety for the patient is maintained. The analog and digital interface is optionally available for connecting the Babylog 8000 plus to a device like a patient monitor or computer so that measured values and settings can be transferred to such equipment. The ventilator can also be combined with a medicament nebulizer.

Mentions image processing

Not Found

Mentions AI, DNN, or ML

Not Found

Input Imaging Modality

Not Found

Anatomical Site

Not Found

Indicated Patient Age Range

premature and newborn babies and of infants up to 10 kg (22lbs).

Intended User / Care Setting

intensive care

Description of the training set, sample size, data source, and annotation protocol

Not Found

Description of the test set, sample size, data source, and annotation protocol

Not Found

Summary of Performance Studies (study type, sample size, AUC, MRMC, standalone performance, key results)

Not Found

Key Metrics (Sensitivity, Specificity, PPV, NPV, etc.)

Not Found

Predicate Device(s): If the device was cleared using the 510(k) pathway, identify the Predicate Device(s) K/DEN number used to claim substantial equivalence and list them here in a comma separated list exactly as they appear in the text. List the primary predicate first in the list.

K926292, K902859

Reference Device(s): Identify the Reference Device(s) K/DEN number and list them here in a comma separated list exactly as they appear in the text.

Not Found

Predetermined Change Control Plan (PCCP) - All Relevant Information for the subject device only (e.g. presence / absence, what scope was granted / cleared under the PCCP, any restrictions, etc).

Not Found

§ 868.5895 Continuous ventilator.

(a)
Identification. A continuous ventilator (respirator) is a device intended to mechanically control or assist patient breathing by delivering a predetermined percentage of oxygen in the breathing gas. Adult, pediatric, and neonatal ventilators are included in this generic type of device.(b)
Classification. Class II (performance standards).

0

Image /page/0/Picture/0 description: The image shows the text "K974176" in a handwritten style on the top line. Below that is the word "Dräger" in a bold, sans-serif font. The word "Dräger" has two dots above the letter "a".

Datei: Sumstate.RTF Date: 10/08/1997 Author: Frank Clanzett

510(k) SUMMARY Summary of Safety and Effectiveness

APPLICANTS NAME AND ADDRESS:

Dräger Inc. Critical Care Systems Ships Fleasent Valley Road 3136 QuARLY Road Ghantilly, VA 20154 Telford, PA 18969

APPLICANTS TELEPHONE NUMBER: (703)-817-0100

APPLICANTS FACSIMILE NUMBER: (703)-817-0101

APPLICANTS CONTACT PERSON: Harald Kneuer

Requlatory Affairs Manager

DATE THE SUMMARY WAS PREPARED: Oct. 8, 1997

DEVICE NAME: Trade Name: Classification Name:

Babylog 8000 plus Intensive Care Ventilator (per 21 CFR 868.5895)

LEGALLY MARKETED DEVICE TO WHICH DRAGER IS CLAIMING SUBSTANTIAL EQUIVALENCE:

Babylog 8000 - Manufactured by Dräger Medizintechnik GmbH. Lübeck. Germany and sold in the United States by Dräger Inc.

Servo 300 - Sold in the United States by Siemens

JUN 17 1998

1

Image /page/1/Picture/0 description: The image shows the word "Dräger" in a bold, sans-serif font. The "a" in "Dräger" has two dots above it, which is called an umlaut. The text is black and the background is white. The font is a bit blocky.

Brief description of the Babylog 8000 plus

The Babylog 8000 plus is an enhanced version of its predecessor Babylog 8000. It is a long-term, microprocessor-controlled, intensive care ventilator for premature and newborn babies, as well as for infants weighing up to about 10 kg.

The Babylog 8000 plus ventilates according to the continuous-flow principle with either time control or volume control, depending on the ventilation mode, and pressure limitation. Oxygen is metered out by the integrated air/O2 mixer.

A variety of the device functions are monitored in operation to make sure that safety-relevant failures are detected and safety for the patient is maintained.

The analog and digital interface is optionally available for connecting the Babylog 8000 plus to a device like a patient monitor or computer so that measured values and settings can be transferred to such equipment.

The ventilator can also be combined with a medicament nebulizer.

Indented Use of the Babylog 8000

The Babylog 8000 plus is a long term ventilator to be used in intensive care of premature and newborn babies and of infants up to 10 kg (22lbs).

The device provides the following ventilation modes:

CMV Continuous Mandatory Ventilation

AIC Assist Control Ventilation

SIMV Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation

Pressure Support Ventilation (available option) PSV

CPAP Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

Ventilation mode extension:

VG Volume Guarantee (available option), Volume controlled ventilation

VIVE Variable Inspiratory, Variable Expiratory Flow

2

Image /page/2/Picture/0 description: The image shows the word "Dräger" in a bold, sans-serif font. The "a" in the word has an umlaut, which is a diacritical mark consisting of two dots placed over the letter. The word is in black and the background is white.

11.1 2.1 3.1 3.1 3. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1

Basis for the S&E - Decision

ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ

ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ....... .

1

CharacteristicsServo 300Babylog 8000Babylog 8000 plus
510(k) numberK902859K926292under review
ManufacturerSiemensDrägerDräger
ClassificationIntensive Care
VentilatorIntensive Care
VentilatorIntensive Care
Ventilator
Control Principlepressure-controlled
or volume-
controlled, time-
cycled or flow-
cycled;
pressure-limitedtime-controlled, time-
cycled, pressure-
limitedtime-controlled or
volume-controlled;
time-cycled or flow-
cycled;
pressure-limited
Software controlledyesyesyes
Ventilation
modes:
• CPAPyesyesyes
• CMVyesyesyes
• Assist Controlyesyesyes
• SIMVyesyesyes
• PSVyesnosubstantially equivalent
to Servo 300
• VSVyesnosubstantially equivalent
to Servo 300
• PRVCyesnosubstantially equivalent
to Servo 300
• Manual
inspirationnoyeslike Babylog 8000
Method of triggeringFlow or pressureVolumelike Babylog 8000
Ventilator
settings:
• Tin10 to 80% of breath
cycle time0.1 to 2 slike Babylog 8000
• Texvia rate and Tin%0.2 to 30 slike Babylog 8000
• CMV rate5 to 150 bpm2 to 150 bpm
(indirectly set via Tin
and Tex)like Babylog 8000
• SIMV rate0.5 to 40 bpm2 to 150 bpm
(indirectly set via Tin
and Tex)like Babylog 8000
CharacteristicsServo 300Babylog 8000Babylog 8000 plus
I:E ratiovia rate and Tin%1:300 to 3:1 (indirectly
set via Tin and Tex)like Babylog 8000
O2
concentration21 to 100 Vol%±3
Vol%21 to 100 Vol%±3
Vol%like Babylog 8000
Pinsp10 to 120 cmH2O10 to 80 cmH2O5 to 80 cmH2O
PEEP0 to 50 cmH2O0 to 25 cmH2Olike Babylog 8000
Insp. Flowno1 to 30 L/min
continuous flowlike Babylog 8000
Tidal Volumeadult: 2 to 4000 mL
pediatric: 0 to 400
mL
neonate: 0 to 40 mLno2 to 100 mL (when VG
option is activated)
Minute Volume0.2 to 60 L/mincannot be set; due to
the control principle
minute volume is result
of ventilator settings
and the characteristics
of the respiratory
systemlike Babylog 8000
Trigger
sensitivity0 to -17 cmH2O, or
0.7 to 2 L/min
(adult);
0.3 to 1 L/min
(pediatric);
0.17 to 0.5 L/min
(neonate);
(effective in all
ventilation modes)1 to 10 (=0 to 3 mL)like Babylog 8000
Trigger
response timenot specified40 to 60 ms at max
sensitivitylike Babylog 8000
Rise time0 to 10% of breath
cycle timenolike Babylog 8000
Front panel controlsrotary dials and
push buttonsrotary dials and push
buttons;
screen menulike Babylog 8000
Display technologyLED indicators;
LED array for
pressure bargraphLCD or ELD graphics
screen;
LED indicators;
LED array for pressure
bargraphlike Babylog 8000
Audible alarmyesyesyes
Alarm sound leveladjustableadjustablelike Babylog 8000
Pressure relief
valve120 cmH2O120 cmH2Olike Babylog 8000
CharacteristicsServo 300Babylog 8000Babylog 8000 plus
Alarms:
Airway pressure high/lowyesyesyes
O2 concentration low/highyesyesyes
Expired minute volume low/highyesyesyes
Apneayesyesyes
Gas supply low/highyesyesyes
Breathing frequency low/highnonoyes (upper alarm limit only)
Power failureyesyesyes
Battery supply voltage low/highyesNAlike Babylog 8000
O2 cell disconnectyesyesyes
flow sensor erroryesyesyes
pressure transducer erroryesyesyes
Ventilator inop (technical alarms)yesyesyes
Monitoring Parameters
peak airway pressureyesyesyes
mean airway pressureyesyesyes
PEEPyesyesyes
inspired tidal volumeyesnoyes (not displayed)
expired tidal volumeyesyesyes
expired minute volumeyesyesyes
spontaneous fraction of expired minute volumenoyesyes
percent leakagenoyesyes
CharacteristicsServo 300Babylog 8000Babylog 8000 plus
breathing
frequencyyesyesyes
rate-volume-
rationonoyes
compliancenonoyes
resistancenonoyes
FiO2yesyesyes
supply
pressuresyesyesyes
Physical
Characteristics:
dimensions
WxDxH242x370x240 mm
(patient unit)
431x150x325 mm
(control unit)212x280x390 mmlike Babylog 8000
weight24 kg14.5 kglike Babylog 8000
Gas Supply
Supply gas
pressure, O2
and air29 to 94 PSI45 to 90 PSIlike Babylog 8000
Gas delivery
systemmicroprocessor-
controlled valvesmicroprocessor-
controlled valve array
(2x10 valves)like Babylog 8000
Power supply
Mains voltage
range100, 120, 220 and
240 V, 50-60 Hz85 to 140 V;
47 to 63 Hzlike Babylog 8000
Power
consumption50 W140 Wlike Babylog 8000
internal batteryyesnolike Babylog 8000
Operating time
with internal
battery30 minNAlike Babylog 8000
Special functions
Communications
interfaceserial port RS232 +
analog output;
Master/Slave
connectionserial port RS232 +
analog outputs
(optional)like Babylog 8000
Medicament
nebulizeryesyesyes

3

Dräger

and and the collection of the comments of the world

action maris as askais and the market for

・・・

:

.

4

Dräger

・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・

i

5

Dräger

a ... .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘ

Device performances compaired by Dr. Klaus Freudenstein / project manager

6

And Control Controller Comments of Children

Explanations of the Comparison

The ventilation modes of the Babylog 8000 plus that are not included in Babylog 8000 with the software 3.0 are substantial equivalent to ventilation modes of the Servo 300 ventilator of Siemens.

The additional monitoring features for the lung mechanics measurement like compliance, resistance and rate volume ratio may assist the user and are not essential for the safety and effectiveness concerning the intended use of the Babylog 8000 plus.

SUMMARY OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DEVICE COMPARED TO THE PREDICATE DEVICES:

Dräger's Babylog 8000 plus is substantial equivalent to either the Dräger Babylog 8000 or to the Siemens Servo 300 ventilator.

The Babylog 8000 plus functions are also covered by the predicate devices and the intended use of the Babylog 8000 plus is covered by the predicate devices, too.

The Babylog 8000 plus fulfills at least the same technical standards as the predicate device of Dräger and has been tested according to these standards.

Therefore the device is as safe and effective as the predicate devices.

Suuuuuu

Oct. 8, 1997

Frank Clanzett Quality Management. Regulatory Affairs Dräger Medizintechnik GmbH, Lübeck, Germany

7

Image /page/7/Picture/1 description: The image shows the logo for the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. The logo consists of a stylized eagle with three wavy lines representing its wings, positioned to the right of a circular seal. The seal contains the text "DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES • USA" arranged around the circumference.

Public Health Service

JUN 17 1998

Food and Drug Administration 9200 Corporate Boulevard Rockville MD 20850

Mr. Harald Kneuer Dräger, Inc. Critical Care System 3136 Quarry Road Telford, PA 18969

K974176 Re: BABYLOG 8000 Plus Regulatory Class: II (two) Product Code: 73 CBK March 1, 1998 Dated: Received: March 19, 1998

Dear Mr. Kneuer:

We have reviewed your Section 510(k) notification of intent to market the device referenced above and we have determined the device is substantially equivalent (for the indications for use stated in the enclosure) to devices marketed in interstate commerce prior to May 28, 1976, the enactment date of the Medical Device Amendments, or to devices that have been reclassified in accordance with the provisions of the Federal Food, Druq, and Cosmetic Act (Act). You may, therefore, market the device, subject to the general controls provisions of the Act. The general controls provisions of the Act include requirements for annual registration, listing of devices, qood manufacturing practice, labeling, and prohibitions against misbranding and adulteration.

If your device is classified (see above) into either class II (Special Controls) or class III (Premarket Approval), it may be subject to such additional controls. Existing major regulations affecting your device can be found in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Parts 800 to 895. A substantially equivalent determination assumes compliance with the current Good Manufacturing Practice requirements, as set forth in the Quality System Regulation (QS) for Medical Devices: General regulation (21 CFR Part 820) and that, through periodic (QS) inspections, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) will verify such assumptions. Failure to comply with the GMP regulation may result in regulatory action. In addition, FDA may publish further announcements concerning your device in the Federal Register. Please note: this response to your premarket notification submission does not affect any obligation you might have under sections 531 through 542 of the Act for devices under the Electronic Product Radiation Control provisions, or other Federal laws or regulations.

8

Page 2 - Mr. Harald Kneuer

This letter will allow you to begin marketing your device as described in your 510(k) premarket notification. The FDA finding of substantial equivalence of your device to a legally marketed predicate device results in a classification for your device and thus, permits your device to proceed to the market.

If you desire specific advice for your device on our labeling regulation (21 CFR Part 801 and additionally 809.10 for in vitro diagnostic devices), please contact the Office of Compliance at (301) 594-4648. Additionally, for questions on the promotion and advertising of your device, please contact the Office of Compliance at (301) 594-4639. Also, please note the regulation entitled, "Misbranding by reference to premarket notification" (21 CFR 807.97). Other general information on your responsibilities under the Act may be obtained from the Division of Small Manufacturers Assistance at its toll-free number (800) 638-2041 or (301) 443-6597 or at its internet address "http://www.fda.qov/cdrh/dsmamain.html".

Sincerely yours,

Thomas J. Callahon

Thomas J. Callahan, Ph.D. Director Division of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Neurological Devices Office of Device Evaluation Center for Devices and Radiological Health

Enclosure

9

The Babylog 8000 plus is a long term ventilator to be used in intensive care of premature and newborn babies and of infants up to 10 kg (22 lbs).

The device provides the following ventilation modes:

CMV Continuous Mandatory Ventilation Time-controlled, time-cycled, pressure-limited continuous flow ventilation.

  • AIC Assist Control Ventilation Time-controlled, volume triggered, time-cycled, pressure-limited continuous flow ventilation that is synchronized with each spontaneous patient breath.
    SIMV Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation Time-controlled , volume triggered, flow cycled, pressure-limited continuous flow ventilation, synchronized with patient's spontaneous breathing at the set ventilation rate.

  • Pressure Support Ventilation (available option) PSV Time-controlled , volume triggered, flow cycled, pressure-limited ventilation synchronized with each spontaneous patient breath.

  • CAP Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

Spontaneous breathing with positive airway pressure

Ventilation mode extension:

  • Volume Guarantee (available option), Volume controlled ventilation. VG The ventilator controls inspiratory pressure in order to deliver the preset tidal volume. May be combined with AJC, SIMV and PSV.
    VIVE Variable Inspiratory. Variable Expiratory Flow Separate continuous flow during expiration in mandatory ventilation modes. ﺗﺮﺗ

Klaus Freudenstein

Dr. Klaus Freudenstein (project manager)

M. Puy

PESCRIPTION USE FOR