(164 days)
Not Found
No
The description focuses on deterministic calculations using a Monte Carlo method and trapezoidal integration, without mentioning AI/ML techniques. The validation is against phantom data and a predicate device, not using AI/ML specific metrics or training/test sets.
No.
The device provides estimates of absorbed radiation dose and dose maps but does not directly treat or diagnose a disease.
No
The device is intended to provide deterministic estimates of absorbed radiation dose at voxels and create a dose map. It performs dose calculations using Monte Carlo methods based on patient data, which is a quantitative measurement, not a diagnostic interpretation of disease state.
Yes
The device description and intended use clearly indicate that Voxel Dosimetry™ is a software tool that performs calculations and generates data based on input imaging data. There is no mention of any associated hardware components being part of the device itself.
Based on the provided information, this device is not an IVD (In Vitro Diagnostic).
Here's why:
- Intended Use: The intended use is to "provide estimates (deterministic) of absorbed radiation dose at voxel as a result of administering one of the supported radionuclides and to provide a dose map." This is a calculation based on in-vivo imaging data (SPECT/CT or PET/CT) and administered radiopharmaceuticals.
- Device Description: The workflow involves loading and processing in-vivo imaging data (DICOM), performing calculations based on this data, and outputting a dose map.
- Input Data: The input data is SPECT/CT or PET/CT DICOM data, which are in-vivo imaging modalities.
- Lack of In Vitro Components: There is no mention of analyzing biological samples (blood, urine, tissue, etc.) or performing tests on these samples outside of the body.
IVD devices are specifically designed to perform tests on specimens derived from the human body in vitro (outside the body) to provide information for diagnostic purposes. This device operates on in-vivo imaging data to calculate radiation dose within the body.
N/A
Intended Use / Indications for Use
The intended use of Voxel Dosimetry™ is to provide estimates (deterministic) of absorbed radiation dose at voxel as a result of administering one of the supported radionuclides and to provide a dose map. This is dependent on input data regarding bio distribution being supplied to the application.
Voxel Dosimetry™ only allows voxel-based dose calculations for patients who have been administered with radioisotopes.
Warning! The Voxel Dosimetry™ is only intended for calculating dose for FDA approved radiopharmaceuticals for any clinical purpose, and calculation of unapproved drugs can only be used for research purpose.
Product codes (comma separated list FDA assigned to the subject device)
LLZ
Device Description
Voxel Dosimetry™ is a tool for voxel level absorbed dose calculation resulting from radiotracer injection. Voxel Dosimetry™ workflow consists of the following steps:
- SPECT/CT or PET/CT DICOM data loading from the data manager GOLD or PACS
- Registration of different time-points to a common reference study
- Generation and integration of voxel-level time-activity curves
- Voxel-level absorbed dose calculation using a Monte Carlo-method
- Saving of the absorbed dose-map back to GOLD or PACS in DICOM format
Mentions image processing
System, Image Processing, Radiological
Mentions AI, DNN, or ML
Not Found
Input Imaging Modality
SPECT/CT or PET/CT DICOM data
Anatomical Site
Not Found
Indicated Patient Age Range
patients
Intended User / Care Setting
Not Found
Description of the training set, sample size, data source, and annotation protocol
Not Found
Description of the test set, sample size, data source, and annotation protocol
The validation (see TAB 5 - CL92.01 P55V1.0 Clinical Validation in the original 510k application), was performed by generating an XCAT phantom for each isotope, with four time points dependent on the isotope. The XCAT phantom code also generated cumulated activities for each voxel using a mono-exponential model with the effective half-lives of the isotopes. The phantom data was processed in Voxel Dosimetry™ which generated cumulated activities for each voxel based on the trapezoidal integration. The Voxel Dosimetry cumulated activities were compared to the true cumulated activities calculated with the mono-exponential model and the mentioned effective half-lives. The true cumulated activity was obtained by analytically integrating the monoexponential model. The true cumulated activity phantom data was also used to compare the Voxel Dosimetry™ dose calculations to the dose calculations made with the Monte Carlo code PENELOPE.
Summary of Performance Studies (study type, sample size, AUC, MRMC, standalone performance, key results)
The testing results support that all the software specifications have met the acceptance criteria.
Comparison with OLINDA/EXM® v2.0:
- Study Type: Comparison study
- Sample Size: Not explicitly stated as a number of patients/scans, but refers to "Lu177-DOTATATE kidney doses" and "Twelve treatment cycles of six patients who underwent Lu177-DOTATE treatments".
- Key Results:
- The average of the relative differences between SMC (Semi-Monte Carlo method used in Voxel Dosimetry™) and OLINDA/EXM® v2.0 was found to be 2% for Lu177-DOTATATE kidney doses.
- Voxel Dosimetry and OLINDA/EXM® v2.0 left and right kidney doses were found to be highly correlated (Pearson's rleft=0.97 and rleft=0.98).
- The average of the relative difference was -2% when compared to OLINDA/EXM® v2.0.
Validation against XCAT phantom and PENELOPE Monte Carlo code:
- Study Type: Validation study using phantom data.
- Sample Size: Not applicable as it's phantom data for multiple isotopes.
- Key Results:
- Cumulated Activities: Differences between Voxel Dosimetry™ cumulated activity and the true cumulated activity (mono-exponential model) were:
- Ga68: Kidney 6%, Tumor 6%, Spleen 7%
- I123: Kidney 3%, Tumor 1%, Spleen 2%
- I131: Kidney 7%, Tumor 2%, Spleen 3%
- In111: Kidney 11%, Tumor 7%, Spleen 7%
- Lu177: Kidney 7%, Tumor 3%, Spleen 3%
- Tc99m: Kidney 8%, Tumor 7%, Spleen 6%
- Y90: Kidney 12%, Tumor 8%, Spleen 8%
- Dose Calculations: Differences between Voxel Dosimetry™ dose and PENELOPE dose were:
- I123: Kidney 2%, Tumor 3%, Spleen 3%
- I131: Kidney 3%, Tumor 3%, Spleen 3%
- Ga68: Kidney 12%, Tumor 12%, Spleen 12%
- In111: Kidney 2%, Tumor 2%, Spleen 3%
- Lu177: Kidney 1%, Tumor 1%, Spleen 1%
- Tc99m: Kidney 2%, Tumor 3%, Spleen 3%
- Y90: Kidney 5%, Tumor 6%, Spleen 4%
- The cumulated activities and doses obtained with Voxel Dosimetry™ match the reference values well. The differences in cumulated activities are due to differences in time-activity curve shapes. The piecewise linear model used in Voxel Dosimetry™ did not always perfectly match the simulated mono-exponential kinetics. Differences in doses were small. The only larger difference is seen with the Ga68 isotope, which has high positron energy.
- Cumulated Activities: Differences between Voxel Dosimetry™ cumulated activity and the true cumulated activity (mono-exponential model) were:
Key Metrics (Sensitivity, Specificity, PPV, NPV, etc.)
- Average of the relative differences between SMC and OLINDA/EXM® v2.0 was 2%.
- Pearson's rleft=0.97 and rleft=0.98 for left and right kidney doses when compared to OLINDA/EXM® v2.0.
- Average of the relative difference was -2% when compared to OLINDA/EXM® v2.0.
Predicate Device(s): If the device was cleared using the 510(k) pathway, identify the Predicate Device(s) K/DEN number used to claim substantial equivalence and list them here in a comma separated list exactly as they appear in the text. List the primary predicate first in the list.
MIM-MRT Dosimetry (K182624), OLINDA/EXM® v2.0 (K163687)
Reference Device(s): Identify the Reference Device(s) K/DEN number and list them here in a comma separated list exactly as they appear in the text.
Not Found
Predetermined Change Control Plan (PCCP) - All Relevant Information for the subject device only (e.g. presence / absence, what scope was granted / cleared under the PCCP, any restrictions, etc).
Not Found
§ 892.2050 Medical image management and processing system.
(a)
Identification. A medical image management and processing system is a device that provides one or more capabilities relating to the review and digital processing of medical images for the purposes of interpretation by a trained practitioner of disease detection, diagnosis, or patient management. The software components may provide advanced or complex image processing functions for image manipulation, enhancement, or quantification that are intended for use in the interpretation and analysis of medical images. Advanced image manipulation functions may include image segmentation, multimodality image registration, or 3D visualization. Complex quantitative functions may include semi-automated measurements or time-series measurements.(b)
Classification. Class II (special controls; voluntary standards—Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) Std., Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) Std., Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) Test Pattern).
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October 17, 2019
Image /page/0/Picture/1 description: The image contains the logo of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The logo consists of two parts: a symbol on the left and the FDA acronym with the full name of the agency on the right. The symbol on the left is a stylized representation of a human figure, while the FDA acronym is in a blue square. To the right of the blue square is the text "U.S. FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION" in blue.
Hermes Medical Solutions AB % Joakim Arwidson VP Quality and Regulatory Affairs Strandbergsgatan 16 112 51 Stockholm SWEDEN
Re: K191216
Trade/Device Name: Voxel Dosimetry™ v1.0 Regulation Number: 21 CFR 892.2050 Regulation Name: Picture archiving and communications system Regulatory Class: Class II Product Code: LLZ Dated: September 4, 2019 Received: September 18, 2019
Dear Joakim Arwidson:
We have reviewed your Section 510(k) premarket notification of intent to market the device referenced above and have determined the device is substantially equivalent (for the indications for use stated in the enclosure) to legally marketed predicate devices marketed in interstate commerce prior to May 28, 1976, the enactment date of the Medical Device Amendments, or to devices that have been reclassified in accordance with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (Act) that do not require approval of a premarket approval application (PMA). You may, therefore, market the device, subject to the general controls provisions of the Act. Although this letter refers to your product as a device, please be aware that some cleared products may instead be combination products. The 510(k) Premarket Notification Database located at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpmn/pmn.cfm identifies combination product submissions. The general controls provisions of the Act include requirements for annual registration, listing of devices, good manufacturing practice, labeling, and prohibitions against misbranding and adulteration. Please note: CDRH does not evaluate information related to contract liability warranties. We remind you, however, that device labeling must be truthful and not misleading.
If your device is classified (see above) into either class II (Special Controls) or class III (PMA), it may be subject to additional controls. Existing major regulations affecting your device can be found in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Parts 800 to 898. In addition, FDA may publish further announcements concerning your device in the Federal Register.
Please be advised that FDA's issuance of a substantial equivalence determination does not mean that FDA has made a determination that your device complies with other requirements of the Act or any Federal statutes and regulations administered by other Federal agencies. You must comply with all the Act's requirements, including, but not limited to: registration and listing (21 CFR Part 807); labeling (21 CFR Part 801); medical device reporting of medical device-related adverse events) (21 CFR 803) for
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devices or postmarketing safety reporting (21 CFR 4, Subpart B) for combination products (see https://www.fda.gov/combination-products/guidance-regulatory-information/postmarketing-safety-reportingcombination-products); good manufacturing practice requirements as set forth in the quality systems (QS) regulation (21 CFR Part 820) for devices or current good manufacturing practices (21 CFR 4, Subpart A) for combination products; and, if applicable, the electronic product radiation control provisions (Sections 531-542 of the Act); 21 CFR 1000-1050.
Also, please note the regulation entitled, "Misbranding by reference to premarket notification" (21 CFR Part 807.97). For questions regarding the reporting of adverse events under the MDR regulation (21 CFR Part 803), please go to https://www.fda.gov/medical-device-safety/medical-device-reportingmdr-how-report-medical-device-problems.
For comprehensive regulatory information about mediation-emitting products, including information about labeling regulations, please see Device Advice (https://www.fda.gov/medicaldevices/device-advice-comprehensive-regulatory-assistance) and CDRH Learn (https://www.fda.gov/training-and-continuing-education/cdrh-learn). Additionally, you may contact the Division of Industry and Consumer Education (DICE) to ask a question about a specific regulatory topic. See the DICE website (https://www.fda.gov/medical-device-advice-comprehensive-regulatoryassistance/contact-us-division-industry-and-consumer-education-dice) for more information or contact DICE by email (DICE@fda.hhs.gov) or phone (1-800-638-2041 or 301-796-7100).
Sincerely.
For
Thalia T. Mills, Ph.D. Director Division of Radiological Health OHT7: Office of In Vitro Diagnostics and Radiological Health Office of Product Evaluation and Quality Center for Devices and Radiological Health
Enclosure
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Indications for Use
510(k) Number (if known) K191216
Device Name Voxel Dosimetry v1.0
The intended use of Voxel Dosimetry™ is to provide estimates (deterministic) of absorbed radiation dose at voxel as a result of administering one of the supported radionuclides and to provide a dose map. This is dependent on input data regarding bio distribution being supplied to the application.
Voxel Dosimetry™ only allows voxel-based dose calculations for patients who have been administered with radioisotopes.
Warning! The Voxel Dosimetry™ is only intended for calculating dose for FDA approved radiopharmaceuticals for any clinical purpose, and calculation of unapproved drugs can only be used for research purpose.
Type of Use (Select one or both, as applicable)
Prescription Use (Part 21 CFR 801 Subpart D)
Over-The-Counter Use (21 CFR 801 Subpart C)
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510 (k) SUMMARY
A. Submitted by:
- Submitters name and address: Hermes Medical Solutions AB Strandbergsgatan 16 112 51 Stockholm Sweden
. Submitters telephone number
| Phone: | +46 8 19 03 25 |
|---|---|
| Cell: | +46 708 19 03 08 |
| E-mail: | ioakim.arwidson@hermesmedical.com |
● Contact person
Joakim Arwidson VP Quality & Regulatory Hermes Medical Solutions AB Strandbergsgatan 16 112 51 Stockholm Sweden
- Registration number . 9710645
B. Preparation date:
2019-03-12
C. Proprietary/Trade name, Common name, Classification name:
- Proprietary/Trade name ● Voxel Dosimetry™ v1.0
- . Common name System, Image Processing, Radiological
- . Classification name Picture archiving and communications system, Class II, 21CFR892.2050.
D. Legally marketed device (predicate device):
Following legally marketed device has been used for comparison.
E. Description of the device that is subject of this premarket notification:
Voxel Dosimetry™ is a tool for voxel level absorbed dose calculation resulting from radiotracer injection. Voxel Dosimetry™ workflow consists of the following steps:
- SPECT/CT or PET/CT DICOM data loading from the data manager GOLD or ● PACS
- . Registration of different time-points to a common reference study
- . Generation and integration of voxel-level time-activity curves
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- . Voxel-level absorbed dose calculation using a Monte Carlo-method
- . Saving of the absorbed dose-map back to GOLD or PACS in DICOM format
F. Intended use:
The intended use of Voxel Dosimetry™ is to provide estimates (deterministic) of absorbed radiation dose at voxel level as a result of administering one of the supported radionuclides and to provide a dose map. This is dependent on input data regarding bio distribution being supplied to the application.
Voxel Dosimetry™ only allows voxel-based dose calculations for patients who have been administered with radioisotopes.
Warning! The Voxel Dosimetry™ is only intended for calculating dose for FDA approved radiopharmaceuticals for any clinical purpose, and calculation of unapproved drugs can only be used for research purpose.
G. Technological characteristics:
MIM – MRT Dosimetry is based on voxel S-values (VSV), which is a voxel-based schema published in MIRD Pamphlet No. 17 (MIRD pamphlet No. 17: The dosimetry of nonuniform activity distributions-radionuclide S values at the voxel level. MIRD, J Nucl Med. 1999 Jan;40(1):115-36S), in which sources and targets are defined at the voxel level and voxel S-values calculated in a 3D matrix. The VSV approach is limited to lesions located in a homogeneous medium. As mentioned below, the Semi-Monte Carlo (SMC) method used in Voxel Dosimetry™ operates on a voxel level and performs dose calculation for photons and electrons based on patient specific CT scans. Voxel Dosimetry refers to the same patient population as MIM - MRT Dosimetry, support of the same isotopes (Lu-177, I-131) and has equivalent intended use.
The output from Voxel Dosimetry and MIM – MRT Dosimetry are dose maps containing voxel level doses to be used for dose volume histograms and curve analysis.
OLINDA/EXM® v2.0 is based on the use of S-factors, which are calculated on patient-like phantoms using a Monte Carlo method. The S-factors are equal to the average absorbed dose to a target organ generated by a unit of activity in a source organ. OLINDA/EXM® v2.0 dose calculations can thus be performed by multiplying the source organ time-activity curve integral by the S-factor. The SMC method used in Voxel Dosimetry™, on the other hand, operates on a voxel level and performs dose calculations for photons and electrons based on patient specific CT scans. Therefore, Voxel Dosimetry™ is patient-specific and produces voxel-level dose-maps instead of average organ-level dose estimates as OLINDA/EXM® v2.0 provides. Voxel Dosimetry ™ can also perform accurate lesion dosimetry because doses are calculated on a voxel-level and the same method can be used for lesions as for organs. This is not possible with OLINDA/EXM® v2.0, with which only a rough estimate of lesion doses is possible.
The output from Voxel Dosimetry v1.0 is a dose map containing voxel level doses in comparison to the predicate device OLINDA/EXM® v2.0, where the output is a CSV file including estimated dose for the organs.
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H. Testing:
The tests for verification and validation followed Hermes Medical Solutions AB design-controlled procedures. The Risk analysis was completed, and risk control implemented to mitigate identified hazards.
Voxel Dosimetry and OLINDA/EXM® v2.0 Lu177-DOTATATE kidney doses were compared, because this is one of the most common situations in internal radionuclide dosimetry today. The average of the relative differences between SMC and OLINDA/EXM® v2.0 was found to be 2% (Hippeläinen ET, Tenhunen MJ, Mäenpää HO, Heikkonen JJ, Sohlberg AO. Dosimetry software Hermes Internal Radiation Dosimetry: from quantitative image reconstruction to voxel-level absorbed dose distribution. Nuclear Medicine Communications 2017;38:5:357-365.), which is less than the uncertainty in Lu177 kidney dosimetry (Gustafsson J, Brolin G, Cox M, Ljungberg M, Johansson L, Gleisner KS. Uncertainty propagation for SPECT/CT-based renal dosimetry in Lu-177 peptide receptor radionuclide therapy. Phys Med Biol. 2015;60(21):8329–8346.) and thus the difference will not affect safety or effectiveness.
The validation (see TAB 5 - CL92.01 P55V1.0 Clinical Validation in the original 510k application), was performed by generating an XCAT phantom for each isotope, with four time points dependent on the isotope. The XCAT phantom code also generated cumulated activities for each voxel using a mono-exponential model with the effective half-lives of the isotopes. The phantom data was processed in Voxel Dosimetry™ which generated cumulated activities for each voxel based on the trapezoidal integration. The Voxel Dosimetry cumulated activities were compared to the true cumulated activities calculated with the mono-exponential model and the mentioned effective half-lives. The true cumulated activity was obtained by analytically integrating the monoexponential model. The true cumulated activity phantom data was also used to compare the Voxel Dosimetry™ dose calculations to the dose calculations made with the Monte Carlo code PENELOPE.
| Isotope | Kidney | Tumor | Spleen |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ga68 | 6 | 6 | 7 |
| I123 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| I131 | 7 | 2 | 3 |
| In111 | 11 | 7 | 7 |
| Lu177 | 7 | 3 | 3 |
| Tc99m | 8 | 7 | 6 |
| Y90 | 12 | 8 | 8 |
Difference (100% x (Voxel Dosimetry -true)/true) between Voxel Dosimetry™ cumulated activity and the true cumulated activity.
Difference (100% x (Voxel Dosimetry -PENELOPE) between Voxel Dosimetry™ dose and PENELOPE dose
| Difference [%] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Isotope | Kidney | Tumor | Spleen |
| I123 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
| I131 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Ga68 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| In111 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
| Lu177 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Tc99m | 2 | 3 | 3 |
| Y90 | 5 | 6 | 4 |
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The cumulated activities and doses obtained with Voxel Dosimetry™ match the reference values well. The differences in cumulated activities are due to differences in time-activity curve shapes. The piecewise linear model used in Voxel Dosimetry™ did not always perfectly match the simulated mono-exponential kinetics. Differences in doses were small. The only larger difference is seen with the Ga68 isotope, which has high positron energy.
In addition to phantom testing, Voxel Dosimetry™ was also validated against the predicate device OLINDA/EXM® v2.0. Twelve treatment cycles of six patients who underwent Lu177-DOTATE treatments were compared. The patients were scanned with a Siemens Symbia T2 SPECT/CTscanner 1, 24, 72 and 168 hours after the treatment. The SPECT/CT scans were reconstructed and left and right kidney doses obtained with Voxel Dosimetry™ and OLINDA/EXM® were compared. Voxel Dosimetry and OLINDA/EXM® v2.0 left and right kidney doses were found to be highly correlated (Pearson's rleft=0.97 and rleft=0.98). The average of the relative difference was -2% when compared to OLINDA/EXM® v2.0. These results are presented in more detail in the publication (Hippeläinen E, Tenhunen M, Mäenpää H, Heikkonen J, Sohlberg A. Dosimetry software Hermes Internal Radiation Dosimetry: from quantitative image reconstruction to voxellevel absorbed dose distribution. Nucl Med Commun 2017; 38:357-365).
The testing results support that all the software specifications have met the acceptance criteria.
I. Substantially Equivalent/Conclusions:
MIM – MRT Dosimetry is based on voxel S-values (VSV), which is a voxel-based schema published in MIRD Pamphlet No. 17 (MIRD pamphlet No. 17: The dosimetry of nonuniform activity distributions--radionuclide S values at the voxel level. MIRD, J Nucl Med. 1999 Jan;40(1):115-36S), in which sources and targets are defined at the voxel level and voxel S-values calculated in a 3D matrix. The VSV approach is limited to lesions located in a homogeneous medium. As mentioned below, the Semi-Monte Carlo (SMC) method used in Voxel Dosimetry™ operates on a voxel level and performs dose calculation for photons and electrons based on patient specific CT scans. Voxel Dosimetry refers to the same patient population as MIM – MRT Dosimetry, support of the same isotopes (Lu-177, I-131) and has equivalent intended use.
OLINDA/EXM® v2.0 is based on the use of S-factors, which are calculated on patient-like phantoms using a Monte Carlo method. The S-factors are equal to the average absorbed dose to a target organ generated by a unit of activity in a source organ. OLINDA/EXM® v2.0 dose calculations can thus be performed by multiplying the source organ time-activity curve integral by the S-factor. The SMC method used in Voxel Dosimetry™, on the other hand, operates on a voxel level and performs dose calculations for photons and electrons based on patient specific CT scans. Therefore, Voxel Dosimetry™ is patient-specific and produces voxel-level dose-maps instead of average organ-level dose estimates as OLINDA/EXM® v2.0 provides. Voxel Dosimetry ™ can also perform accurate lesion dosimetry because doses are calculated on a voxel-level and the same method can be used for lesions as for organs. This is not possible with OLINDA/EXM® v2.0, with which only a rough estimate of lesion doses is possible.
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In summary, the Voxel Dosimetry™ v1.0, described in this submission has equivalent intended use and is, in our opinion, substantially equivalent to a combination of the predicate devices MIM-MRT Dosimetry (K182624) and OLINDA/EXM® v2.0 (K163687) and supports its clinical effectiveness, safety and intended use.