(336 days)
No
The device description and performance studies focus on the chemical composition and biological efficacy of the vitrification and thawing solutions, with no mention of AI or ML technologies.
Yes.
The device facilitates a medical procedure (Assisted Reproduction Technology) by preserving and recovering human blastocysts, which directly contributes to the success of an ART procedure aiming to achieve pregnancy.
No
The device is described as being used for the ultra-rapid freezing (vitrification) and recovery (thawing) of human blastocysts, which are procedures within assisted reproduction technology. Its purpose is to preserve and later recover biological specimens, not to diagnose a condition or disease.
No
The device description explicitly lists multiple vials containing chemical solutions (liquids) as the components of the device. This indicates it is a physical product, not software.
Based on the provided information, no, this device is not an IVD (In Vitro Diagnostic).
Here's why:
- Intended Use: The intended use is for the vitrification (freezing) and recovery (thawing) of human blastocysts for assisted reproduction procedures. This is a process performed on the biological specimen (the blastocyst) to preserve it, not a test performed on a sample to diagnose a condition or provide information about a patient's health status.
- Device Description: The device consists of solutions used in the process of freezing and thawing the blastocysts. These are reagents and media used in a laboratory procedure, not components of a diagnostic test.
- Lack of Diagnostic Purpose: There is no mention of the device being used to analyze a sample to provide diagnostic information about the patient or the blastocyst itself. It's a tool for handling and preserving the blastocyst.
- Clinical Trial Focus: The clinical trial results focus on the success rates of the vitrification and thawing process (survival rate, implantation rate, pregnancy rate), not on the accuracy of a diagnostic measurement.
IVD devices are typically used to examine specimens from the human body (like blood, urine, tissue) to provide information for the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of disease. This device does not fit that description. It's a tool used in a therapeutic procedure (assisted reproduction).
N/A
Intended Use / Indications for Use
- VitriBlast is intended for ultra-rapid freezing (vitrification) of human blastocysts. This kit is designed for use . with Nidacon's ThermoBlast kit for optimal recovery of specimens. This product is used for assisted reproduction-technology procedures.
- ThermoBlast is intended for the recovery of human blastocysts that have undergone ultra-rapid freezing . (vitrification) using Nidacon's VitriBlast kit. It is designed for optimal thawing and recovery of the specimens. This product is used for assisted reproduction-technology procedures.
Product codes
MQL
Device Description
VitriBlast consists of 5 separate vials as described hereunder:
- VitriBlast 1: 10mL based on PureSperm Wash (K002630), with additional hSA.
- VitriBlast 2: 10mL same as solution 1, plus Ethylene glycol (7.5%) and DMSO (7.5%) both provided for separate addition.
- VitriBlast 3: 10mL same as solution 1, including Sucrose (0.67 M) and Ficoll (0.14 mM), plus Ethylene glycol (15%) and DMSO (15%), both provided for separate addition just prior to use.
ThermoBlast consists of 4 separate, 10 mL vials as follows:
- ThermoBlast 4: based on VitriBlast I with additional sucrose (0.33 M).
- ThermoBlast 5: based on VitriBlast I with additional sucrose (0.21 M).
- ThermoBlast 6: the same as VitriBlast | (2 vials).
Mentions image processing
Not Found
Mentions AI, DNN, or ML
Not Found
Input Imaging Modality
Not Found
Anatomical Site
Not Found
Indicated Patient Age Range
Average : 35,9 range 24-45
Intended User / Care Setting
Assisted Reproductive Technology (A.R.T.) procedures
Description of the training set, sample size, data source, and annotation protocol
Not Found
Description of the test set, sample size, data source, and annotation protocol
Description of the test set: The products from Nidacon called VitriBlast™ and ThermoBlast™ were developed during scientific collaboration between Nidacon International AB and The Fertility Centre. Nidacon became the manufacturer of the vitrification media used at The Fertility centre, using their same recipe, two years after the clinical testing was commenced, and had become routine at the clinic. Therefore, no specific test group was selected for the Nidacon vitrification media.
Sample Size: Not specified, but the results report on 424 thawed blastocysts.
Data Source: The Fertility Centre at Carlanderska Hospital in Gothenburg, Sweden.
Annotation Protocol: Not explicitly stated, but the protocol followed the package insert for VitriBlast™ and used the cryoloop as the device.
Summary of Performance Studies (study type, sample size, AUC, MRMC, standalone performance, key results)
Study Type: Bench testing, Animal Non-Clinical Trials, Human Clinical Trials.
Bench Testing: Satisfactory safety determined during batch productions and shelf-life establishment. Tests utilized: pH testing, Osmolality control, One cell MEA, MEA according to intended use, Endotoxin level measurements.
Animal Non-Clinical Trials: Nidacon applies two different types of MEA testing, one according to the FDA recommended method (2 cell MEA %blast 96 h) and one where the performance of the solutions is evaluated (testing according to intended use). Both results will be stated in the QA-Certificate and the product insert.
Human Clinical Trials (Fertility Clinic: The Fertility Centre at Carlanderska Hospital in Gothenburg, Sweden):
Sample Size: No specific test group selected for Nidacon vitrification media, but results presented from 2007 onwards for all uses of these solutions. 424 thawed blastocysts data is reported.
Key Results:
- No of thawed blastocysts: 424
- No of survived: 391 (92%)
- No of transferred: 391
- No of transfers: 385
- No of single embryo transfers: 379 (98.4%)
- No of gestational sacs: 178
- Implantation rate: 178/391 = 45.5%
- No of clinical pregn: 176
- Pregnancy rate: 176/385 = 45.7%
- Abortion rate: 9 % (calculated by born babies - amount positive heart beats week 6-7)
- 125 babies have been born using this freezing technique and these Nidacon formulations. No malformations in the offspring have been observed and no pregnancy terminations have occurred. Moreover, there were no multiple pregnancies.
A follow up study concluded no adverse effects or complications, and that Nidacon's products were better than clinically equivalent.
Key Metrics (Sensitivity, Specificity, PPV, NPV, etc.)
- Survival rate of thawed blastocysts: 92% (391/424)
- Single embryo transfer rate: 98.4% (379/385)
- Implantation rate: 45.5% (178/391)
- Pregnancy rate: 45.7% (176/385)
- Abortion rate: 9%
Predicate Device(s)
Reference Device(s)
Not Found
Predetermined Change Control Plan (PCCP) - All Relevant Information
Not Found
§ 884.6180 Reproductive media and supplements.
(a)
Identification. Reproductive media and supplement are products that are used for assisted reproduction procedures. Media include liquid and powder versions of various substances that come in direct physical contact with human gametes or embryos (including water, acid solutions used to treat gametes or embryos, rinsing solutions, sperm separation media, supplements, or oil used to cover the media) for the purposes of preparation, maintenance, transfer or storage. Supplements are specific reagents added to media to enhance specific properties of the media (e.g., proteins, sera, antibiotics, etc.).(b)
Classification. Class II (special controls) (mouse embryo assay information, endotoxin testing, sterilization validation, design specifications, labeling requirements, biocompatibility testing, and clinical testing). The device, when it is phosphate-buffered saline used for washing, and short-term handling and manipulation of gametes and embryos; culture oil used as an overlay for culture media containing gametes and embryos; and water for assisted reproduction applications, is exempt from the premarket notification procedures in subpart E of part 807 of this chapter subject to the limitations in § 884.9.
0
Image /page/0/Picture/1 description: The image shows the word "Page" at the top, followed by a symbol that looks like a power button. Below the symbol, the word "Nidacon" is written in a serif font. The text and symbol appear to be part of a logo or heading.
JUN 1 6 2010
Flöjelbergsgatan 16 B SE-431 37 Mölndal Sweden Tel: +46-31-703 06 30 Fax: +46-31-40 54 15 E-mail: contact(@nidacon.se
510(k) Summary
Tradename: VitriBlast™ and ThermoBlast™
Common Name: Solutions for the vicrification of human blastocysts and for the thawing of vitrified human blastocysts.
Classification name: Reproductive Media (21 CFR, 886.6180, Product code: MQL)
Intended use:
- VitriBlast is intended for ultra-rapid freezing (vitrification) of human blastocysts. This kit is designed for use . with Nidacon's ThermoBlast kit for optimal recovery of specimens. This product is used for assisted reproduction-technology procedures.
- ThermoBlast is intended for the recovery of human blastocysts that have undergone ultra-rapid freezing . (vitrification) using Nidacon's VitriBlast kit. It is designed for optimal thawing and recovery of the specimens. This product is used for assisted reproduction-technology procedures.
Description:
VitriBlast consists of 5 separate vials as described hereunder:
-
VitriBlast 1: 10mL based on PureSperm Wash (K002630), with additional hSA.
-
VitriBlast 2: 10mL same as solution 1, plus Ethylene glycol (7.5%) and DMSO (7.5%) both provided for separate addition.
-
VitriBlast 3: 10mL same as solution 1, including Sucrose (0.67 M) and Ficoll (0.14 mM), plus Ethylene glycol (15%) and DMSO (15%), both provided for separate addition just prior to use.
ThermoBlast consists of 4 separate, 10 mL vials as follows:
- ThermoBlast 4: based on VitriBlast I with additional sucrose (0.33 M).
- ThermoBlast 5: based on VitriBlast I with additional sucrose (0.21 M).
- ThermoBlast 6: the same as VitriBlast | (2 vials).
Device function/Scientific Concept
During the cryopreservation of embryos, they are at risk of injury from chilling and crystallisation, the toxicity of the cryo protectant, extracellular ice, intracellular ice, fracture damage, osmotic swelling and osmotic shrinkage. To obtain high rates of survival, all these problems must be circumvented.
Among the injuries, the damage caused by the formation of intracellular ice crystals during cooling and or warming is one of the greatest obstacles to overcome. It is desirable to freeze without forming crystals within the cell and this can be achieved by vitrification (glass transition without crystals). Vitrification is ultimately the fact that a liquid cannot have more order than its corresponding crystal. As the temperature of a liquid substance is lowered, its entropy is reduced more rapidly than the entropy of the corresponding crystalline form of the substance. If the liguid does not freeze, a thermodynamic conundrum is approached as the entropy of the liquid approaches the entropy of the crystal.
1
Image /page/1/Picture/1 description: The image shows the text "page 2 of 3" at the top. Below the text is a logo that appears to be a stylized symbol. The word "Nidacon" is written below the logo. The image appears to be a page from a document.
Flöjelbergsgatan 16 B SE-431 37 Mölndal Sweden Tel: +46-31-703 06 30 Fax: +46-31-40 54 15 E-mail: contact(@nidacon.se
For preventing intracellular ice from forming, rapidly permeating cryo-protectants, such as ethylene glycol and DMSO, are suitable since the rapid permeation by these cryo-protectants is essential to vitrify the embryo. To prevent osmotic swelling during removal of the cryoprotectants during rapidly permeating agents are also suitable, because the faster the diffusion of the intracellular cryo-proteccant out of the lower the risk of osmotic over-swelling. Ficoll is included as a non-permeating polymer (macromolecules promote vicrification) because it has high solubility, low viscosity and low toxicity. It has been shown that even large amounts of Ficoll are virtually non-toxic. A large amount of polymer occupies a significant proportion of the solution volume. Therefore, its inclusion must increase the proportion of permeating cryoprotectant per water volume. This may be one mechanism that promotes vitrification of the solution contains not only ethylene glycol and Ficoll, but also sucrose as a non-permeating small sugar which has considerable osmotic effect. The inclusion of sucrose is quite effective at reducing the apparent toxicity of ethylene glycol, probably because sucrose promotes the shrinkage of embryos, thereby restricting excess permeation of ethylene glycol and, thus, reducing its toxic effect. In addition, sucrose helps prevent over-swelling during thawing and the removal of the ethylene glycol.
Products claimed for substantial equivalence:
- VitKit-Freeze and VitKit-Thaw from Irvine Scientific (K060168) (DMSO, Ethylene glycol, Sucrose) .
- Vitri Freeze Kit from FertiPro (K070135) (same as above + Ficoll) .
Comparison to predicate device
The two predicate devices were compared in the following areas and were found to have similar technological characteristics:
Nidacon's products use the same cryoprotectants (DMSO, Ethylene glycol and Sucrose) but the devices have different base media. Irvine uses medium 199 and FertiPro uses PBS, while Nidacon uses PureSperm®Wash. We have also added Ficoll, a polymer macromolecule (as also used in the FertiPro product). Nidacon has the same concentrations of the cryoprotectants Ethylene glycol (7.5%) in vitrification solution number 2 and 15% of Ethylene glycol (EG) and DMSO in vitrification solution number 3, as with the Irvine products.
The EG and DMSO in the Nidacon kit are to be added by the clinic just prior to use. In Irvine's product, these compounds are added during products contain Human Serum Albumin (hSA). Nidacon has not included any vitrification device but, instead, provides recommendations for both closed and open systems (open systems only outside US). Irvine's Vitrification media contain antibiotics, which are not present in either Nidacon's or Fertipro's products.
2
Image /page/2/Picture/1 description: The image shows the text "Page 3 of", followed by a logo that looks like a stylized letter "N" or an abstract symbol. Below the logo, the word "Nidacon" is printed in a clear, sans-serif font. The text and logo appear to be part of a document or letterhead.
Flöjelbergsgatan 16 B SE-431 37 Molndal Sweden Tel: +46-31-703 06 30 Fax: +46-31-40 54 15 E-mail: contact@nidacon.sc
| Nidacon | Irvine | FertiPro | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intended use | VitriBlast is intended for | ||
| ultra-rapid freezing | |||
| (vitrification) of human | |||
| blastocysts. This kit is | |||
| designed for use with | |||
| Nidacon's ThermoBlast kit | |||
| for optimal recovery of | |||
| specimens. This product is | |||
| used for ART procedures. |
ThermoBlast is intended for
the recovery of human
blastocysts that have
undergone ultra-rapid
freezing (vitrification) using
Nidacon's VitriBlast kit. It is
designed for optimal
recovery of specimens. This
product is used forART
procedures. | VitriKit Freeze is
intended for ultra-rapid
freezing and containment
of human blastocysts for
ART procedures
VitriKit -Thaw is
intended for the recovery
of human blastocysts that
have undergone ultra-
rapid freezing and
containment using Vitri
Kit - Freeze | VitriFreeze is intended
for ultra-rapid freezing
using of human
blastocysts for ART
procedures
VitriThaw is intended for
the recovery of human
blastocysts that have
undergone ultra-rapid ·
freezing using VitriFreeze,
for ART procedures |
| Formulation | Hepes buffered media
containing ethylene glycol,
DMSO, Ficoll, Sucrose and
HSA | Media 199 containing
ethylene glycol, DMSO,
Sucrose, HSA and
antibiotics | PBS containing ethylene
glycol, DMSO, Sucrose,
Ficoll and HSA |
| Shelf-life | 6 months | l year | 6 months |
The products from the three companies (Nidacon, Irvine and FertiPro) are based on the same technologies and scientific concepts, and can therefore be considered equivalent.
Performance testing
Bench
Satisfactory safety of the products has been determined during all batch productions and during establishment of the shelf-life. The following tests were utilised:
- pH testing
- Osmolality control
- One cell MEA
- MEA according to intended use
- Endotoxin level measurements
Animal Non-Clinical Trials
Nidacon applies two different types of MEA testing, one according to the FDA recommended method (2 cell MEA %blast 96 h) and one where the performance of the solutions is evaluated (testing according to intended use). Both results will be stated in the QA-Certificate and the product insert.
3
Image /page/3/Picture/1 description: The image shows the text "Page 4 of" at the top. Below this text is a logo that appears to be a stylized symbol. The word "Nidacon" is written below the logo in a clear, legible font.
Flöjelbergsgatan 16 B SE-431 37 Mölndal Sweden Tcl: +46-31-703 06 30 Fax: +46-31-40 54 15 E-mail: contact@nidacon.se
Human Clinical Trials
Fertility Clinic: The Fertility Centre at Carlanderska Hospital in Gothenburg, Sweden, was started in 1987 by Dr. Matts Wikland. Since the start, they have been one of the world leading clinics in the ART field. They were the first European laboratory to be accredited according to ISO/IEC 17025 in 1998. The clinic has been using the vicrification methodology since 2005. The products from Nidacon called VitriBlast™ and ThermoBlast™ were developed during scientific collaboration between Nidacon International AB and The Fertility Centre.
Patient group: When going through an IVF treatment, one might have excess potential blastocysts which need to be stored for the patient/couple for possible future treatment in case of failure of pregnancy or the desire for more children. Today these excess blastocysts are routinely stored by cryo-preservation. Nidacon became the manufacturer of the vitrification media used at The Fertility centre, using their same recipe, two years after the clinical testing was commenced, and had become routine at the clinic. Therefore, no specific test group was selected for the Nidacon vitrification media.
Test period: Today VitriBlast™ and ThermoBlast™ are the only vitrification solutions used in patient treatments at The Fertility Centre and the figures below illustrate all results from the clinic since 2007, when the solutions made by Nidacon were first used.
Method: The protocol is according to the package insert for VitriBlast™, and using the cryoloop as device. A more comprehensive methodological description using the cryo-loop is attached.
Results from Fertility Centre;
| Age of woman | Average : 35,9 range 24-45 |
|---|---|
| Infertility Reason | 1/3 female factors, 1/3 male factors and 1/3 unexplained infertility |
| No of thawed blastocysts | 424 |
| No of survived | 391 (391/424= 92%) |
| No of transferred | 391 |
| No of transfers | 385 |
| No of single embryo transfers | 379 (98.4%) |
| No of gestational sacs | 178 |
| Implantation rate | $178/391 = 45.5%$ |
| No of clinical pregn, | 176 |
| Pregnancy rate | $176/385= 45.7%$ |
| Abortion rate | 9 % (calculated by born babies - amount positive heart beats week 6-7) |
-
It is standard procedure at the Göteborg clinic to use blastocysts for vitrification (usually at Day 5 or 6).
-
All the blastocysts used for vitrifying were artificially shrunk by laser.
To date, 125 babies have been born using this freezing technique and these Nidacon formulations, VitriBlast™ and ThermoBlast™. No malformations in the offspring have been observed and no pregnancy terminations have occurred. Moreover, there were no multiple pregnancies.
Based on the clinical data presented and our experience with VitriBlast™ and ThermoBlast™, we feel that the safety and effectiveness of the products for their intended use are shown in the present submission and the products are substantially equivalent to the predicate devices from Irvine (K060168) and FertiPro ((K070135). A follow up study was performed on the children born after using Nidacon's Vitrification media, and from this study it
4
K092107
Image /page/4/Picture/1 description: The image shows the text "Page 5 of" at the top. Below the text is a logo that appears to be a stylized symbol. The word "Nidacon" is written below the logo. The image is in black and white.
Flöjelbergsgatan 16 B SE-431 37 Mölndal Sweden Tel: +46-31-703 06 30 Fax: +46-31-40 54 15 E-mail: contact(@nidacon.se
could be concluded that there were no adverse effects or complications, and that Nidacon's products were better than clinically equivalent.
Additional Information
For the release of each production batch of this product, an endotoxin test, two mouse embryo assays and sterility testing will be performed. The reported on a Quality Assurance Certificate available for all batches.
Collapsing of blastocysts prior to Vitrification
Artificial shrinkage of expanded and hatching blastocysts will be recommended. However, this technique is optional when vitrifying early blastocysts with smaller blastocoelic cavities.
Conclusion
The testing performed, using the animal model and the testing proves that these products meet the design requirements, and that they have substantial equivalence to the Irvine and FertiPro products and is therefore suitable for the intended use.
5
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES
Image /page/5/Picture/1 description: The image shows the seal of the Department of Health & Human Services - USA. The seal is circular, with the words "DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES - USA" arranged around the perimeter. In the center of the seal is an abstract image of an eagle with its wings spread. The eagle is facing to the left.
Food and Drug Administration 10903 New Hampshire Avenue Document Mail Center - WO66-G609 Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002
NidaCon International AB c/o Daniel Kamm, P.E. Submission Correspondent Kamm & Associates 8870 Ravello Court NAPLES FL 34114
JUN 1 6 2010
Re: K092107
Trade/Device Name: VitriBlast and ThermoBlast Reproductive Media Regulation Number: 21 CFR $884.6180 Regulation Name: Reproductive media and supplements Regulatory Class: II Product Code: MOL Dated: May 25, 2010 Received: June 2, 2010
Dear Mr. Kamm:
We have reviewed your Section 510(k) premarket notification of intent to market the device referenced above and have determined the device is substantially equivalent (for the indications for use stated in the enclosure) to legally marketed predicate devices marketed in interstate commerce prior to May 28, 1976, the enactment date of the Medical Device Amendments, or to devices that have been reclassified in accordance with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (Act) that do not require approval of a premarket approval application (PMA). You may, therefore, market the device, subject to the general controls provisions of the Act. The general controls provisions of the Act include requirements for annual registration, listing of devices, good manufacturing practice, labeling, and prohibitions against misbranding and adulteration. Please note: CDRH does not evaluate information related to contract liability warranties. We remind you, however, that device labeling must be truthful and not misleading.
If your device is classified (see above) into either class II (Special Controls) or class III (PMA), it may be subject to additional controls. Existing major regulations affecting your device can be found in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Parts 800 to 898. In addition, FDA may publish further announcements concerning your device in the Federal Register.
Please be advised that FDA's issuance of a substantial equivalence determination does not mean that FDA has made a determination that your device complies with other requirements of the Act or any Federal statutes and regulations administered by other Federal agencies. You must comply with all the Act's requirements, including, but not limited to: registration and listing (21 CFR Part 807); labeling (21 CFR Part 801); medical device reporting of medical device-related
6
Page 2 -
adverse events) (21 CFR 803); good manufacturing practice requirements as set forth in the quality systems (QS) regulation (21 CFR Part 820); and if applicable, the electronic product radiation control provisions (Sections 531-542 of the Act); 21 CFR 1000-1050.
If you desire specific advice for your device on our labeling regulation (21 CFR Part 801), please go to http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/CentersOffices/CDRH/CDRHOffices/ucm115809.htm for the Center for Devices and Radiological Health's (CDRH's) Office of Compliance. Also, please note the regulation entitled, "Misbranding by reference to premarket notification" (21CFR Part 807.97). For questions regarding the reporting of adverse events under the MDR regulation (21 CFR Part 803), please go to
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Safety/ReportaProblem/default.htm for the CDRH's Office of Surveillance and Biometrics/Division of Postmarket Surveillance.
You may obtain other general information on your responsibilities under the Act from the Division of Small Manufacturers, International and Consumer Assistance at its toll-free number (800) 638-2041 or (301) 796-7100 or at its Internet address
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Resourcesfor You/Industry/default.htm.
Sincerely yours,
Janine M. Morris
Acting Director, Division of Reproductive, Abdominal, and Radiological Devices office of Device Evaluation Center for Devices and Radiological Health
Enclosure
7
Indications for Use 510(k) Number (if known): K09 2 | 0 7
Device Name: VitriBlast
Indications For Use:
VitriBlast is intended for ultra-rapid freezing of human blastocysts. This kit is designed for use with Nidacon's ThermoBlast Thaw Kit for optimal recovery of specimens.
This product is used for Assisted Reproductive Technology (A.R.T.) procedures.
Prescription Use _X (Part 21 CFR 801 Subpart D) AND/OR
Over-The-Counter Use (21 CFR 807 Subpart C)
(PLEASE DO NOT WRITE BELOW THIS LINE-CONTINUE ON ANOTHER PAGE IF NEEDED)
Concurrence of CDRH, Office of Device Evaluation (ODE)
(Division Sign-Off)
Division of Reproductive, Abdominal, and Radiological Devices 510(k) Number 92107
Page 1 of 2
8
Indications for Use 510(k) Number (if known): K09 2107
Device Name: ThermoBlast
Indications For Use:
ThermoBlast is intended for the recovery of human blastocysts that have undergone ultra-rapid freezing using Nidacon's VitriBlast Kit. It is designed for optimal recovery of specimens. This product is used for Assisted Reproductive Technology (A.R.T.) procedures.
Prescription Use _X (Part 21 CFR 801 Subpart D) AND/OR
Over-The-Counter Use (21 CFR 807 Subpart C)
(PLEASE DO NOT WRITE BELOW THIS LINE-CONTINUE ON ANOTHER PAGE IF NEEDED)
Concurrence of CDRH, Office of Device Evaluation (ODE)
(Division Sign-Off)
Division of Reproductive, Abdominal, and Radiological Devices 510(k) Number
Page 2 of 2