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The PicoWay laser system is indicated for the following at the specified wavelength:

• · 532 mm: Removal of tattoos for Fitzpatrick Skin Types I-III to treat the following tattoo colors: red, yellow and orange.
• · 730 nm: Removal of tattoos for Fitzpatrick Skin Types II-IV to treat the following tattoo colors: green and blue.
• · 785 mm: Removal of tattoos for Fitzpatrick Skin Types II-IV to treat the following tattoo colors: green and blue.
  · 1064 nm: Removal of tattoos for all Fitzpatrick Skin Types to treat the following tattoo colors: black, brown, green, blue and purple.

The Pico Way laser system is also indicated for benign pigmented lesions removal for Fitzpatrick Skin Types I-IV. The Resolve handpiece (1064 nm) is also indicated for the treatment of acne scars in Fitzpatrick Skin Types II-V and for treatment of Melasma for Fitzpatrick Skin Types I-IV.

The Resolve handpieces (532 nm, and 1064 nm) are also indicated for the treatment of wrinkles in Fitzpatrick Skin Types I-IV.

The Resolve Fusion handpiece (532 nm) is indicated for benign pigmented for Fitzpatrick Skin Types I-IV.

The PicoWay laser system is indicated for the following at the specified wavelengths:

532 nm :

· Treatment of Melasma for Fitzpatrick Skin Types I-IV.

· Treatment of café au lait macules (CALMs) for Fitzpatrick Skin Types I-IV.

• · Treatment of Lentigines for Fitzpatrick Skin Types I-IV.
  730 nm:

· Treatment of Lentigines for Fitzpatrick Skin Types I-IV.

1064 nm:

• · Treatment of Melasma for Fitzpatrick Skin Types I-IV.
• · Treatment of Nevus of Ota for Fitzpatrick Skin Types III-IV.

The PicoWay Laser System is a solid-state laser capable of delivering energy at wavelengths of 1064 nm, 532 nm, or 730 nm, at extremely short duration in the range of 240-500 (ps). The laser system contains one 755 nm (Alexandrite) laser head which is used to 'pump' (create) the 1064 / 532nm wavelengths. The outputs of the two lasers are optically combined on the laser rail so that their beam paths are identical as they exit the laser system. This allows the use of a single delivery system which can output either the 532nm or 1064nm wavelengths. The 532nm or 1064nm output energy is delivered to the skin through an Articulated Arm and Zoom Handpiece (HP) delivery system. There are also 3 hand pieces (Resolve), one for 1064nm and two for 532nm (low energy and high energy), which deliver a 10 x 10 array of focused spots to the skin and 1 Axicon hand piece (Resolve Fusion) for 532nm, which delivers a 10 x 10 array of focused and ring spots to the skin.

The provided document describes the Candela PicoWay Laser System (K220853) and its substantial equivalence to a predicate device (K191685). The primary difference is the addition of new indications for benign pigmented lesions. The document does not refer to the device as an "AI device" or an "algorithm," but rather a laser system. Therefore, some of the requested information regarding AI device testing (e.g., human-in-the-loop performance, effect size of human improvement with AI, training set details, expert qualifications for ground truth in a test set, adjudication methods) is not directly applicable.

However, based on the information provided, here's a summary of the acceptance criteria and the study that supports the expanded indications for the PicoWay Laser System, focusing on the clinical evidence for the new indications.

Acceptance Criteria and Reported Device Performance

The acceptance criteria for the expanded indications are implied by the clinical studies demonstrating the safety and effectiveness of the PicoWay Laser System for these conditions. The reported device performance is derived from the outcomes of these clinical studies.

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The PicoWay laser system is indicated for the following at the specified wavelength:

532 nm: Removal of tattoos for Fitzpatrick skin types I-III to treat the following tattoo colors: red, yellow and orange.

730 nm: Removal of tattoos for Fitzpatrick skin types II-IV to treat the following tattoo colors: green and blue.

785 nm: Removal of tattoos for Fitzpatrick skin types II-IV to treat the following tattoo colors: green and blue.

1064 nm: Removal of tattoos for all skin types (Fitzpatrick I-VI) to treat the following tattoo colors: black, brown, green, blue and purple.

The PicoWay laser system is also indicated for benign pigmented lesions removal for Fitzpatrick Skin Types I-IV.

The Resolve handpiece (1064 nm) is also indicated for the treatment of acne scars in Fitzpatrick Skin Types II-V.

The Resolve handpieces (532 nm HE, 532 nm, 1064 nm) are also indicated for treatment of wrinkles in Fitzpatrick Skin Types I-IV

The Resolve Fusion handpiece (1064 nm) is indicated for the treatment of wrinkles as well as benign pigmented lessons in Fitzpatrick Skin Types I-IV

The Resolve Fusion handpiece (532 nm) is indicated for the treatment of benign pigmented lesions in Fitzpatrick Skin Types I-IV

The PicoWay System has been previously cleared (K170597, K162454, K160607, K150326, K142372 and K153527) for tattoo removal and treatment/removal of benign pigmented lesions as well as treatment of acne scars and wrinkles. There are minor modifications to the current system to add four (4) new handpieces, minor system specifications, and new wavelengths. The additional new handpieces will work in the same way as the currently cleared PicoWay handpieces as in they will operate in the same manner as the predicate devices.

The PicoWay Laser System is a solid-state laser capable of delivering energy at wavelengths of 1064 nm, 532 nm, 730 nm (new) or 785 nm at extremely short duration in the range of 240-500 ps. The laser system contains one 755 nm (Alexandrite) laser head which is used to 'pump' (create) the 1064 nm picosecond wavelength. The 1064 nm wavelength can be frequency-doubled to 532 nm as desired. The outputs of the two lasers are designed to be co-linear on the laser rail so that their beam paths are identical as they exit the laser system. This allows the use of a single delivery system which can output either the 532 nm or 1064 nm wavelengths. The current 785 nm and new 730 nm wavelength contain a Ti:Sapphire laser rod that is pumped with the 532 nm energy. All these energies are delivered through an articulated arm and corresponding handpiece. Currently there are two cleared Resolve handpieces (1064 nm and 532 nm), a 785 nm handpiece and a Zoom handpiece that works on two wavelengths (532 nm and 1064 nm).

The provided document is a 510(k) summary for the Candela PicoWay Laser System (K191685). It focuses on adding new handpieces and wavelengths to an already cleared device. This type of submission relies heavily on demonstrating substantial equivalence to a predicate device rather than presenting a de novo clinical study with specific acceptance criteria for a novel AI device.

Therefore, the document does not contain the information requested regarding acceptance criteria and a study proving a device meets those criteria, as one would expect for an AI/ML medical device. Specifically, it lacks:

• A table of acceptance criteria and reported device performance for an AI/ML algorithm. The document primarily addresses the safety and performance of laser hardware.
• Sample size and data provenance for a test set to evaluate an AI/ML algorithm.
• Details on experts used to establish ground truth or adjudication methods for an AI/ML test set.
• Information on MRMC comparative effectiveness studies or standalone AI performance.
• Details on training set sample size or ground truth establishment for an AI/ML algorithm.

The document primarily discusses:

• Device Description: The PicoWay Laser System and the new handpieces/wavelengths.
• Technological Characteristics: Highlighting their similarity to the predicate device.
• Performance Data (for hardware safety and function):
  • Electrical Safety and Electromagnetic Compatibility
  • Biocompatibility
  • Software (V&V for updated functionality, not an AI algorithm)
  • Bench Testing (for hardware specifications)
  • Ship Testing (for packaging integrity)
• Clinical Data: Explicitly states, "The PicoWay Laser System did not require clinical performance data." This further confirms the absence of clinical studies evaluating performance against acceptance criteria for an AI solution.

In summary, the provided text describes a submission for a laser system where the substantial equivalence argument is based on hardware modifications and engineering verification/validation, not on the performance of a new AI algorithm against pre-defined clinical acceptance criteria.

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The PicoWay laser system is indicated for the following at the specified wavelength:

532nm: Removal of tattoos for Fitzpatrick skin types I-III to treat the following tattoo colors: red, yellow and orange.

785nm: Removal of tattoos for Fitzpatrick skin types II-IV to treat the following tattoo colors: green and blue.

1064nm: Removal of tattoos for all skin types (Fitzpatrick I-VI) to treat the following tattoo colors: black, brown, green, blue and purple.

The PicoWay laser system is also indicated for benign pigmented lesions removal for Fitzpatrick Skin Types I-IV.

The Resolve handpiece (1064 nm) is also indicated for the treatment of acne scars in Fitzpatrick Skin Types II-V.

The Resolve handpieces are also indicated for treatment of wrinkles in Fitzpatrick Skin Types I-IV.

The PicoWay Laser System is a solid state laser capable of delivering energy at wavelengths of 1064 nm, 785 nm, or 532 nm at short durations of 240–750 picoseconds (ps) at repetition rates up to 10 Hz (1064 nm, 532 nm) or 5 Hz (785 nm). The device system is comprised of a system console, an articulated arm, and an attached handpiece. The laser output at each wavelength is generated within the laser chassis and delivered to the skin through an articulated arm delivery system terminated by a handpiece. The light-weight and ergonomic handpieces allow the spot size on the skin to be easily adjusted. A range of spot sizes is available for the PicoWay System (up to 10 mm). The system includes an internal calibration port with an internal meter located on the control panel of the system console, which is used to verify the transmission of the articulated arm. The PicoWay system control panel enables the user to select the desired energy density level and repetition rate. The control panel is also used to obtain feedback from the system, such as the number of pulses delivered or spot size selected.

The provided text describes the FDA 510(k) summary for the PicoWay Laser System, primarily focusing on its expansion of indications for use to include the treatment of wrinkles.

Here's an analysis of the acceptance criteria and the study that proves the device meets them, based on the provided text:

Device: PicoWay Laser System
Expanded Indication: Treatment of wrinkles using the Resolve handpieces (532nm or 1064nm wavelengths)

Acceptance Criteria and Reported Device Performance

• Investigator assessments: 92% improvement rate at 12-week follow-up.
• Mean elastosis score improvement: 1.44 ± 0.83.
• Investigator satisfaction rate: 88%.
• Subjects' satisfaction rate: 74% at the last visit.
• Very positive safety profile with no adverse events (though 2 subjects reporting severe pain were counted as AEs out of caution, but resolved next day without intervention).
• Anticipated treatment responses (erythema, edema, tingling, crusting, acne breakout) observed and resolved within days without medical intervention.
• Most subjects reported low levels of pain during treatment and discomfort in the week following treatment, indicating good tolerability. |

Study Details:

1. Sample Size and Data Provenance:

   • Test Set Sample Size: A total of 74 subjects were enrolled, and 72 subjects were treated.
   • Data Provenance: The study was a "multicenter study conducted at 4 sites in the United States." The data is prospective.

2. Number and Qualifications of Experts for Ground Truth:

   • Number of Experts: Two blinded evaluators.
   • Qualifications: Not explicitly stated beyond "blinded evaluators." It's common in dermatology/cosmetic studies for these to be board-certified dermatologists or plastic surgeons, but the document does not specify.

3. Adjudication Method for the Test Set:

   • The assessment was performed by "2 blinded evaluators." The text implicitly suggests consensus or independent agreement was sought for the "correct identification of the post treatment photograph and assessment of at least one Elastosis Score unit." However, a formal adjudication process like 2+1 or 3+1 is not explicitly described. It simply states "as assessed by 2 blinded evaluators," implying their combined assessment formed the ground truth for the primary endpoint.

4. Multi-Reader Multi-Case (MRMC) Comparative Effectiveness Study:

   • No MRMC study was conducted for human readers with and without AI assistance. This device is a laser system, not an AI diagnostic tool that assists human readers. The clinical study was a direct evaluation of the device's effect on wrinkles.

5. Standalone Performance (Algorithm Only):

   • N/A. This is a hardware device (laser system) used for treatment, not an algorithm for diagnosis or image analysis. The "performance" here refers to the clinical efficacy and safety of the physical device.

6. Type of Ground Truth Used:

   • The ground truth for the primary endpoint was established by expert assessment ("2 blinded evaluators") based on "correct identification of the post treatment photograph and assessment of at least one Elastosis Score unit." This is a subjective, observer-reported outcome measure in a clinical setting.
   • Additional ground truth indicators included investigator assessments, subject satisfaction, and adverse event reporting.

7. Sample Size for the Training Set:

   • N/A. This is a medical device (laser system), not a machine learning algorithm that requires a separate training set. The study describes a clinical trial evaluating the device's performance directly on human subjects.

8. How the Ground Truth for the Training Set Was Established:

   • N/A. (See point 7).

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The PicoWay laser system is indicated for the following at the specified wavelength:

532nm: Removal of tattoos for Fitzpatrick skin types I-III to treat the following tattoo colors: red, yellow and orange.

785nm: Removal of tattoos for Fitzpatrick skin types II-IV to treat the following tattoo colors: green and blue.

1064nm: Removal of tattoos for all skin types (Fitzpatrick I-VI) to treat the following tattoo colors: black, brown, green, blue and purple.

The PicoWay laser system is also indicated for benign pigmented lesions removal for Fitzpatrick Skin Types I-IV.

The Resolve handpiece (1064 nm) is also indicated for the treatment of acne scars in Fitzpatrick Skin Types II-V.

The PicoWay Laser System is a solid state laser capable of delivering energy at wavelengths of 1064 nm, 785 nm, or 532 nm at short durations of 240-540 picoseconds (ps) at repetition rates up to 10 Hz (1064 nm, 532 nm) or 5 Hz (785 nm). The device system is comprised of a system console, an articulated arm, and an attached Zoom or Resolve Handpiece. The laser output at each wavelength is generated within the laser chassis and delivered to the skin through an articulated arm delivery system terminated by a Handpiece. The light-weight and ergonomic Zoom Handpieces allow the spot size on the skin to be easily adjusted. A range of spot sizes is available for the PicoWay System when using the Zoom Handpiece (up to 10 mm). The Resolve Handpieces are available with 6 x 6 mm spot size for both wavelengths. The system includes an internal calibration port with an internal meter located on the control panel of the system console, which is used to verify the transmission of the laser beam into the articulated arm. The PicoWay system control panel enables the user to select the desired energy density level and repetition rate. The control panel is also used to obtain feedback from the system, such as the number of pulses delivered or spot size selected.

Here's a breakdown of the acceptance criteria and study findings for the PicoWay Laser System, based on the provided text:

Acceptance Criteria and Device Performance

Study Details

2. Sample Size Used for the Test Set and Data Provenance:

• Sample Size: 36 subjects.
• Data Provenance: Prospective, from 3 sites in the United States.

3. Number of Experts Used to Establish the Ground Truth for the Test Set and Qualifications of Those Experts:

• Number of Experts: 3 blinded evaluators.
• Qualifications: The document does not specify the exact qualifications (e.g., "radiologist with 10 years of experience"). It only states they were "blinded evaluators" who assessed improvement by "correct identification of the post treatment photograph."

4. Adjudication Method for the Test Set:

• A consensus-like method was used: "as assessed (by the correct identification of the post treatment photograph) by at least 2 of 3 blinded evaluators." This implies that agreement from at least two out of three evaluators was sufficient for a positive assessment.

5. If a Multi-Reader Multi-Case (MRMC) Comparative Effectiveness Study was done, If so, what was the effect size of how much human readers improve with AI vs without AI assistance:

• No, a multi-reader multi-case (MRMC) comparative effectiveness study comparing AI assistance to human readers was not done. This study solely evaluated the device's performance based on expert assessment of photographs. This device is a laser system, not an AI diagnostic tool.

6. If a Standalone (i.e., algorithm only without human-in-the-loop performance) was done:

• Not applicable. This is a medical device (laser system), not a standalone algorithm. Its performance is directly tied to its physical operation and the in-human results.

7. The Type of Ground Truth Used:

• Expert Consensus: The primary endpoint relied on the consensus of at least 2 out of 3 blinded evaluators assessing photographic improvement.
• Investigator Assessments: Investigators also provided assessments of improvement rates.
• Patient Reported Outcomes (PROs): Subject satisfaction rates were collected.
• Histology Data: Biopsy samples provided histological evidence of treatment effects and healing.

8. The Sample Size for the Training Set:

• The document refers to "several prospective studies" that have been conducted previously to evaluate the PicoWay System, suggesting a broader dataset exists. However, for the specific expanded indication (acne scars), no separate "training set" is described for this premarket notification. The 36-subject study appears to be the primary clinical evidence for this specific indication.

9. How the Ground Truth for the Training Set Was Established:

• As no explicit "training set" for the acne scar indication is detailed in this document, the method for establishing its ground truth is not provided. For the test set described, ground truth was established through blinded evaluators' consensus, investigator assessments, and histological data.

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The PicoWay laser system is indicated for the following at the specified wavelength:

532nm: Removal of tattoos for Fitzpatrick skin types I-III to treat the following tattoo colors: red, yellow and orange.

785nm: Removal of tattoos for Fitzpatrick skin types II-IV to treat the following tattoo colors: green and blue.

1064nm: Removal of tattoos for all skin types (Fitzpatrick I-VI) to treat the following tattoo colors: black, brown, green, blue and purple.

The PicoWay laser system is also indicated for benign pigmented lesions removal for Fitzpatrick Skin Types I-V.

The PicoWay Laser System is a solid state laser capable of delivering energy at wavelengths of 1064 nm, 785 nm, or 532 nm at short durations of 240-750 picoseconds (ps) at repetition rates up to 10 Hz (1064 nm, 532 nm) or 5 Hz (785 nm). The device system is comprised of a system console, an articulated arm, and an attached Handpiece. The laser output at each wavelength is generated within the laser chassis and delivered to the skin through an articulated arm delivery system terminated by a Handpiece. The light-weight and ergonomic Handpieces allow the spot size on the skin to be easily adjusted. A range of spot sizes is available for the PicoWay System (up to 10 mm). The system includes an internal calibration port with an internal meter located on the control panel of the system console, which is used to verify the transmission of the laser beam into the articulated arm. The PicoWay system control panel enables the user to select the desired energy density level and repetition rate. The control panel is also used to obtain feedback from the system, such as the number of pulses delivered or spot size selected.

Here's an analysis of the acceptance criteria and study detailed in the provided text, formatted as requested:

Acceptance Criteria and Device Performance Study for PicoWay Laser System

1. Table of Acceptance Criteria and Reported Device Performance

The document does not explicitly state formal "acceptance criteria" for the clinical study. Instead, it reports specific outcomes and compares them to expectations based on predicate devices. I have inferred the implied performance goals based on the reported favorable safety profile and substantial clearance for tattoo removal, aligning with the "perfoRMS as intended" declaration.

Note: The bench testing on Resolve handpiece efficacy is an important performance indicator, even if not phrased as a "criterion" in the same way as safety or clinical clearance percentages.

2. Sample Size Used for the Test Set and Data Provenance

• Sample Size: 15 subjects (22 tattoos).
• Data Provenance: The document does not explicitly state the country of origin. It describes the study as a "single arm, self-controlled study," implying it was a prospective clinical trial conducted specifically for this submission.

3. Number of Experts Used to Establish the Ground Truth for the Test Set and Qualifications of Those Experts

• Number of Experts: 3 blinded reviewers.
• Qualifications of Experts: Not specified. The document only states "independent review by 3 blinded reviewers."

4. Adjudication Method for the Test Set

• Method: Not explicitly described as part of an adjudication process in the traditional sense for determining "ground truth." The reviewers "correctly identified the pre and post treatment for all (100%) of the tattoos," suggesting their role was to evaluate the visibility of change rather than to establish a definitive, gold-standard diagnosis or measurement. The percentage clearance was likely based on a subjective rating scale or objective measurement method applied to the images, with the reviewers' agreement confirming the detectability of this change.

5. If a Multi Reader Multi Case (MRMC) Comparative Effectiveness Study was done, If so, what was the effect size of how much human readers improve with AI vs without AI assistance

• No MRMC study was done. This study evaluated the performance of the device itself (PicoWay Laser System) and not an AI-assisted diagnostic tool or human reader performance.

6. If a Standalone (i.e. algorithm only without human-in-the-loop performance) was done

• Not applicable. This device is a laser system, not an algorithm. The clinical study evaluated the device's efficacy and safety on patients, not its performance as a standalone diagnostic tool.

7. The Type of Ground Truth Used

• For Tattoo Clearance: The "ground truth" for tattoo clearance appears to be a combination of:
  • Blinded Expert Assessment: Independent review by 3 blinded reviewers who confirmed identify pre/post-treatment images.
  • Quantitative/Semi-Quantitative Clinical Assessment: "At least 50% clearance compared to baseline" (how this was measured isn't detailed, but implies a scoring system).
  • Investigator Assessment: "Substantial to complete clearance" assessed by the clinical investigators.
• For Safety: Clinical observation of adverse events and patient discomfort.
• For Technological Equivalence: Histological evaluation.

8. The Sample Size for the Training Set

• Not applicable. The document describes clinical studies conducted to evaluate the device, not to train a machine learning model.

9. How the Ground Truth for the Training Set Was Established

• Not applicable. As no training set for an AI/algorithm is discussed, this question is not relevant.

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The PicoWay Laser System is indicated for the following at the specified wavelength:

532nm: Removal of tattoos for Fitzpatrick skin types I-III to treat the following tattoo colors: red, yellow and orange.

1064nm: Removal of tattoos for all skin types (Fitzpatrick I-VI) to treat the following tattoo colors: black, brown, green, blue and purple.

The PicoWay Laser System is also indicated for benign pigmented lesions removal for Fitzpatrick Skin Types I-V.

The PicoWay Laser System is a solid state laser capable of delivering energy at wavelengths of 1064 nm or 532 nm at short durations of 240-750 picoseconds (ps) at repetition rates up to 10 Hz. The device system is comprised of a system console, an articulated arm, and an attached handpiece. The laser output at each wavelength is generated within the laser chassis and delivered to the skin through an articulated arm delivery system terminated by a zoom handpiece (HP). The light-weight and ergonomic zoom handpiece allows the skin to be easily adjusted from 2 mm to 10 mm in steps of 1 mm. The system includes an internal calibration port with an internal meter located on the control panel of the system console, which is used to verify the transmission of the laser beam into the articulated arm. The PicoWay system control panel enables the user to select the desired energy density (fluence) level and repetition rate. The control panel is also used to obtain feedback from the system, such as the number of pulses delivered or spot size selected.

The provided FDA 510(k) summary for the PicoWay Laser System includes information regarding acceptance criteria and a clinical study to demonstrate its performance.

Here's a breakdown of the requested information:

1. Table of Acceptance Criteria and Reported Device Performance

2. Sample Size Used for the Test Set and Data Provenance

• Test Set Sample Size: 60 subjects (69 tattoos/pigmented lesions).
• Data Provenance: The document does not explicitly state the country of origin. It indicates it was a "single arm, self-controlled study." It is a prospective clinical study as it was conducted to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the device.

3. Number of Experts Used to Establish the Ground Truth for the Test Set and Their Qualifications

• Number of Experts: The document states "blinded, independent review," implying at least one, and likely more, independent experts. The exact number of experts is not specified.
• Qualifications of Experts: The qualifications of the experts are not explicitly stated, beyond being "independent reviewers."

4. Adjudication Method for the Test Set

• The document mentions "blinded, independent review." It does not specify a formal adjudication method like "2+1" or "3+1" for discrepancies. It's implied that their assessment directly formed the basis for the primary endpoint.

5. If a Multi-Reader Multi-Case (MRMC) Comparative Effectiveness Study was done

• No, an MRMC comparative effectiveness study involving human readers with and without AI assistance was not done. This study focuses solely on the performance of the PicoWay Laser System for tattoo and benign pigmented lesion removal.

6. If a Standalone (i.e., algorithm only without human-in-the-loop performance) was done

• This is not applicable as the PicoWay Laser System is a physical medical device (laser system), not an AI algorithm. Its performance is directly tied to its physical operation and the human operator's use of it.

7. The Type of Ground Truth Used

• Expert Consensus/Clinical Assessment: The primary endpoint was determined by "blinded, independent review" of tattoo clearance, and a secondary endpoint was based on "investigator assessment." This indicates the ground truth was established through expert clinical evaluation.

8. The Sample Size for the Training Set

• The document does not mention a "training set" in the context of an algorithm or AI. This study is a clinical trial evaluating a physical medical device. The "training set" concept is not relevant here.

9. How the Ground Truth for the Training Set was established

• Not applicable, as there is no "training set" for this device.

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The PicoWay Laser System is indicated for the following at the specified wavelength:

532nm; Removal of tattoos for Fitzpatrick skin types I-III to treat the following tattoo colors: red, yellow and orange.

1064nm: Removal of tattoos for all skin types (Fitzpatrick I-VI) to treat the following tattoo colors: black, brown, green, blue and purple.

The PicoWay Laser System is also indicated for benign pigmented lesions removal for Fitzpatrick Skin Types I-IV.

The PicoWay Laser System is a solid state laser capable of delivering energy at wavelengths of 1064 nm or 532 nm at short durations less than or equal to 900 picoseconds (ps) at repetition rates up to 5 Hz. The device system is comprised of a system console, an articulated arm, and an attached handpiece. The laser output at each wavelength is generated within the laser chassis and delivered to the skin through an articulated arm delivery system terminated by a zoom handpiece (HP). The light-weight and ergonomic zoom handpiece allows the spot size on the skin to be easily adjusted from 3 mm to 6 mm in steps of 1 mm. The system includes an internal calibration port with an internal meter located on the control panel of the system console, which is used to verify the transmission of the laser beam into the articulated arm. The PicoWay system control panel enables the user to select the desired energy density (fluence) level and repetition rate. The control panel is also used to obtain feedback from the system, such as the number of pulses delivered or spot size selected.

The PicoWay Laser System was evaluated for its safety and effectiveness in the removal of benign pigmented lesions.

1. Table of Acceptance Criteria and Reported Device Performance:

2. Sample size used for the test set and the data provenance:

• Test Set Sample Size: 26 subjects (29 lesions)
• Data Provenance: Retrospective or prospective is not explicitly stated, but the study is described as a "single arm, prospective, self-controlled multicenter study," indicating a prospective design for data collection. The country of origin of the data is not specified.

3. Number of experts used to establish the ground truth for the test set and the qualifications of those experts:

• The document mentions "blinded, independent review" for assessing lesion clearance. However, the exact number of experts and their specific qualifications (e.g., radiologist with X years of experience) are not provided.

4. Adjudication method (e.g., 2+1, 3+1, none) for the test set:

• The document states "blinded, independent review." It does not specify a particular adjudication method like 2+1 or 3+1.

5. If a multi-reader, multi-case (MRMC) comparative effectiveness study was done, if so, what was the effect size of how much human readers improve with AI vs without AI assistance:

• No, an MRMC comparative effectiveness study involving human readers with and without AI assistance was not done. This study solely evaluated the performance of the PicoWay Laser System as a standalone treatment device.

6. If a standalone (i.e., algorithm only without human-in-the-loop performance) was done:

• Yes, a standalone study was done. The clinical study evaluated the PicoWay Laser System's performance as a treatment device, not as an AI algorithm assisting human readers. The "algorithm" in this context refers to the laser system's operating parameters and its direct effect on the lesions.

7. The type of ground truth used (expert consensus, pathology, outcomes data, etc.):

• The ground truth for efficacy was primarily based on blinded, independent review of lesion clearance, which implies expert assessment.
• For safety, the ground truth was based on the occurrence and severity of adverse events and their resolution, which is outcomes data gathered from clinical observations.

8. The sample size for the training set:

• The document does not mention a training set as this is a clinical study for a medical device (laser system), not an AI algorithm requiring a machine learning training phase. The device itself is the "intervention" being tested.

9. How the ground truth for the training set was established:

• As there is no mention of a training set for an AI algorithm, this question is not applicable.

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