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The PAXgene® Blood DNA Tube is intended to collect, anticoagulate, stabilize, transport, and store a venous whole blood sample for preparation of human DNA for use with molecular diagnostic test methods that require DNA. The performance characteristics of this device have not been established for molecular diagnostic assays in general. Users must validate use of product for their specific molecular diagnostic assay.

The PAXgene® Blood DNA Tube is a sterile, single use, plastic, evacuated blood collection tube with a BD Hemogard™ closure assembly (comprised of Hemogard™ stopper and shield components) and a measured quantity of K2EDTA additive quantity dispensed into each tube is designed to match the nominal blood draw volume of 2.5 mL. The tube is made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic which functions to maintain vacuum within the tube, allowing for accurate and consistent blood draw for the shelf life of the tube. A predetermined vacuum is drawn inside the tube that is sealed with a BD Hemogard™ closure which consists of a rubber stopper plus BD Hemogard™ shield.

The PAXgene® Blood DNA Tube is available as a 13 x 75 mm tube with a 2.5 mL nominal blood draw. The referenced first dimension represents the diameter of the tube, and the second dimension represents the length of the tube.

This document is a 510(k) summary for the PAXgene® Blood DNA Tube (K231469), comparing it to a predicate device (K142821). The primary change in the subject device is a revised draw volume specification.

Here's the information regarding acceptance criteria and the supporting study, based on the provided text:

1. Table of Acceptance Criteria and Reported Device Performance

Note: The document explicitly states that all other characteristics (General Description, Indications for Use, Device Design, Device Materials, Packaging and Sterility) are identical between the subject and predicate devices. Therefore, the "acceptance criteria" for these would be identical to the predicate's specifications, and the "reported performance" of the subject device is stated to be identical.

2. Sample Size Used for the Test Set and Data Provenance

The document mentions "clinical evidence" and "shelf-life testing" to support the revised draw volume specification. However:

• Specific sample sizes for the clinical study are NOT provided.
• Data provenance (e.g., country of origin, retrospective or prospective) is NOT provided.

3. Number of Experts Used to Establish Ground Truth and Their Qualifications

• This information is NOT provided in the document. The study appears to be a performance validation of a blood collection tube, not one requiring expert interpretation of diagnostic output.

4. Adjudication Method

• This information is NOT applicable/not provided for this type of device validation study (a blood collection tube). Adjudication methods like 2+1 or 3+1 are typically used in studies involving expert interpretation of medical images or diagnostic results.

5. Multi-Reader Multi-Case (MRMC) Comparative Effectiveness Study

• No, an MRMC comparative effectiveness study was NOT done. This type of study is relevant for AI-assisted diagnostic devices where human readers' performance with and without AI assistance is compared. The PAXgene® Blood DNA Tube is a blood collection device, not an AI diagnostic.

6. Standalone (Algorithm Only Without Human-in-the-Loop Performance) Study

• No, a standalone algorithm-only performance study was NOT done. This is not an AI diagnostic device. The performance validation is for the physical blood collection tube itself.

7. The Type of Ground Truth Used

The ground truth for the performance of the device (specifically regarding the revised draw volume specification) appears to be established through:

• Clinical evidence: Implies direct measurement and analysis of blood DNA collected using the tubes.
• Shelf-life testing: Verifies that the device maintains its performance over its specified shelf life, which includes its ability to draw the specified volume and preserve DNA quality.

8. The Sample Size for the Training Set

• This information is NOT applicable/not provided. The device is a physical medical device (blood collection tube), not an AI algorithm that requires a training set.

9. How the Ground Truth for the Training Set Was Established

• This information is NOT applicable. As it's not an AI device, there is no "training set" or ground truth established for training. The "ground truth" (or acceptable performance) for the device's function is established through the physical and chemical properties and laboratory performance testing.

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The PAXgene Blood DNA Tube is intended to collect, anticoagulate, stabilize, transport, and store a venous whole blood sample for preparation of human DNA for use with molecular diagnostic test methods that require DNA.
The performance characteristics of this device have not been established for molecular diagnostic assays in general. Users must validate use of product for their specific molecular diagnostic assay.

The PAXgene® Blood DNA Tube is a sterile, single use, plastic, evacuated blood collection tube with a BD Hemogard™ closure assembly and a measured quantity of K2EDTA additive. The additive quantity dispensed into each tube is designed to match the nominal blood draw volume of 2.5 mL. The tube is made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic which functions to maintain vacuum within the tube, allowing for accurate and consistent blood draw for the duration of the shelf life of the tube. A predetermined vacuum is drawn inside the tube that is sealed with a BD Hemogard™ closure which consists of a rubber stopper plus BD Hemogard™ shield. The tube is intended to be placed inside a tube holder or an adaptor that contains a needle designed to pierce the tube closure and allow blood to flow into the tube. Once the vein has been penetrated (using either a standard blood collection needle or a blood collection set), the tube is pushed into the holder, and the blood enters the tube. Once a tube has drawn the appropriate amount of blood, it is disengaged from the holder and inverted the recommended number of times (8–10) to mix the additive with the blood. The DNA in whole blood collected in the PAXgene® Blood DNA Tube has been shown to be suitable for molecular diagnostic testing for 14 days at room temperature (18–25°C), 28 days refrigerated (2–8°C), 3 days at 35°C, up to 52 weeks frozen (–20°C), or when subjected to up to three freeze-thaw cycles. The PAXgene® Blood DNA Tube is robust with respect to mishandling including reduced inversions and partial blood draw. The product shelf life is one year from the date of manufacture including limited storage temperature excursions which simulate shipping conditions from –20°C to 45°C. The PAXgene® Blood DNA Tube is available as a 13 x 75 mm tube with a 2.5 mL nominal blood draw. The referenced first dimension represents the diameter of the tube and the second dimension represents the length of the tube.

The provided document describes the PAXgene® Blood DNA Tube, a blood collection device, and its performance characteristics as part of a 510(k) premarket notification. The study aims to demonstrate substantial equivalence to a legally marketed predicate device.

Here's an analysis of the acceptance criteria and study findings based on the provided text, while noting the limitations of the document regarding certain specific study parameters that are often found in AI/ML performance studies:

1. Table of Acceptance Criteria and Reported Device Performance

The document does not explicitly state formal "acceptance criteria" in a typical table format with pre-defined thresholds. Instead, it presents performance data for DNA yield, concentration, purity, and concordance with FDA-cleared molecular diagnostic assays to demonstrate the device's suitability for its intended use and substantial equivalence to the predicate device.

However, based on the summary results and the nature of this submission, which is for a blood collection tube rather than an AI/ML diagnostic algorithm, the acceptance criteria are implicitly met if the device consistently yields high-quality DNA that produces 100% correct calls in various molecular diagnostic assays, and if its stability and robustness are demonstrated.

Here's a synthesized table based on the various performance summaries:

2. Sample sizes used for the test set and the data provenance

The "test set" here refers to the samples used for performance evaluation, as this is not an AI/ML device in the traditional sense that uses training/test splits.

• DNA Yield, Concentration, and Purity Summary:
  • Magnetic Bead based DNA extraction kit: 581 specimens from approximately 200 consented subjects.
  • Silica Membrane based DNA extraction kit: 540 specimens from 152 consented subjects.
• Molecular Diagnostic Test Methods (Assay Concordance):
  • Individual assays varied: CF Assay (40 samples per site, total 117 after retest); HLA Assay 1 (40 samples per site, total 120 after retest); Thrombophilia Assay (80 samples); HLA Assay 2 (698 samples after retest); HLA Assay 3 (100 samples).
  • Reproducibility studies: 20 donors for site-to-site and lot-to-lot.
• Device Shelf-Life Study: Tested with 24 subjects (12 per time point/group) for 12, 13 months, and with temperature cycling.
• DNA Stability (Whole Blood Storage in Tube): Sample sizes of 12 or 60 for various storage conditions and time points.
• Interference Study: 10 samples per interfering substance for both magnetic bead and silica membrane purification methods.
• Sample Handling (Underfilling and Mixing): 10 subjects for each handling condition.

Data Provenance: The document states that blood was drawn from "consented subjects" and mentions testing at "four (4) external clinical test sites and one (1) internal test site". This strongly indicates prospective data collection from human subjects. The document does not specify the country of origin of the data, but given the FDA submission, it likely includes data from the US or regions compliant with FDA standards.

3. Number of experts used to establish the ground truth for the test set and the qualifications of those experts

This is not applicable in the context of this device. The ground truth for this device (a blood collection tube) is objectively measured through DNA quantification (yield, concentration, purity) and the concordance of results with established, FDA-cleared molecular diagnostic assays. The "ground truth" for the molecular diagnostic assays themselves would be derived from clinical diagnosis or confirmed genetic status, not expert consensus on image interpretation. No human experts are used for establishing ground truth for device performance in this manner.

4. Adjudication method (e.g. 2+1, 3+1, none) for the test set

Not applicable. This is not a study requiring reader adjudication of ambiguous cases, as it measures objective biochemical and molecular assay outcomes.

5. If a multi reader multi case (MRMC) comparative effectiveness study was done, If so, what was the effect size of how much human readers improve with AI vs without AI assistance

Not applicable. This is not an AI/ML medical device, and no human readers are involved in interpreting results that would be enhanced by AI assistance. The performance is assessed on the ability of the tube to collect and preserve DNA for downstream molecular diagnostic tests.

6. If a standalone (i.e. algorithm only without human-in-the-loop performance) was done

Yes, in a sense, the primary studies are "standalone" performance evaluations of the device itself (the blood collection tube) to ensure it performs its function of preserving DNA for analysis. The "algorithm" here is the device's mechanism (anticoagulation, stabilization) and the subsequent molecular diagnostic assays. The results presented (DNA metrics and assay concordance) are direct outputs of using the PAXgene Blood DNA Tube in conjunction with standard laboratory procedures and FDA-cleared assays, without human interpretation as part of the 'device's' output.

7. The type of ground truth used (expert consensus, pathology, outcomes data, etc)

The ground truth used for evaluating the PAXgene Blood DNA Tube's performance is multi-faceted:

• Quantitative DNA metrics: Measured values (yield, concentration, purity) obtained through standard laboratory equipment (e.g., UV absorbance).
• Concordance with FDA-cleared Molecular Diagnostic Assays: The "ground truth" for the assay results themselves is that the assay should correctly identify the genetic markers it is cleared to detect. The study establishes that DNA collected in the PAXgene tube yields results (e.g., genotypes) that are 100% concordant with those obtained from control (predicate or EDTA) tubes, demonstrating that the sample preparation did not alter the diagnostic outcome.

8. The sample size for the training set

Not applicable. This is a blood collection device, not an AI/ML algorithm that requires a training set.

9. How the ground truth for the training set was established

Not applicable. No training set is used for this device.

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The PAXgene™ Blood RNA System consists of a blood collection tube (PAXgene™ Blood RNA Tube) and nucleic acid purification kit (PAXgene™ Blood RNA Kit). It is intended for the collection, storage, and transport of blood and stabilization of intracellular RNA in a closed tube and subsequent isolation and purification of host RNA from whole blood for RT-PCR used in molecular diagnostic testing.

Performance characteristics for the PAXgene™ Blood RNA System have only been established with "cfos and IL1B." The user is responsible for establishing appropriate PAXgene™ Blood RNA System performance characteristics for other target transcripts.

PAXgene Blood RNA Kit is for the purification of intracellular RNA from whole blood collected in the PAXgene Blood RNA Tube. When the kit is used in conjunction with the PAXgene Blood RNA Tube, the system provides purified intracellular RNA from whole blood for RT-PCR used in molecular diagnostic testing.

Performance characteristics for the PAXgene Blood RNA System have only been established with FOS and IL1B gene transcripts. The user is responsible for establishing appropriate PAXgene Blood RNA System performance characteristics for other target transcripts.

The PAXgene™ Blood RNA System consists of:

• PAXgene™ Blood RNA tubes
• · PAXgene™ Blood RNA kit.

The PAXgene™ Blood RNA tube is of a sterile, plastic, evacuated blood collection tube containing stabilization solution (tetradecyl trimethyl-ammonium oxalate and tartaric acid. These components serve to lyse cells, protect RNA molecules from degradation by ribonucleases (RNases) and prevent induction of gene expression. The kit consists of 5 aqueous buffer solutions for resuspending, binding, washing, and eluting RNA, RNase-free water, proteinase K. an RNase-Free DNase set, spin columns, microcentrifuge tubes, processing tubes, and secondary blood collection tube closures.

Here's an analysis of the provided text regarding the PAXgene™ Blood RNA System, focusing on the acceptance criteria and the study proving it, as per your requested format:

1. Table of Acceptance Criteria and Reported Device Performance

The provided 510(k) summary (K082150) does not explicitly state quantitative acceptance criteria or detailed device performance metrics in a readily extractable table format. Instead, it focuses on demonstrating substantial equivalence to a predicate device (K042613) by showing that the RNA obtained using the updated system (with QIAcube automation) is "compatible with molecular diagnostic applications such as mRNA transcript level determination by RT-PCR."

The core assertion is: "Therefore the processing of RNA by the automated protocol on QIAGEN's QIAcube is equivalent to the manual process as described in K042613."

Implicit Acceptance Criteria (derived from the justification of equivalence):

2. Sample Size Used for the Test Set and Data Provenance

The document does not specify the sample size used for the test set or the data provenance (e.g., country of origin, retrospective or prospective nature of the data). The information provided is very high-level, stating only that "Design Control activities performed demonstrated the RNA obtained from the QIAcube is compatible..." This suggests an internal validation study, but no details on the participants or samples are given.

3. Number of Experts Used to Establish the Ground Truth for the Test Set and Qualifications of those Experts

This information is not provided in the document. The study described is a technical validation of RNA compatibility, not a diagnostic study requiring expert consensus on clinical ground truth.

4. Adjudication Method for the Test Set

This information is not applicable/not provided as the study did not involve human interpretation or a "test set" in the sense of comparing human reads or diagnostic outcomes. It was an analytical performance study.

5. Multi-Reader Multi-Case (MRMC) Comparative Effectiveness Study

A Multi-Reader Multi-Case (MRMC) comparative effectiveness study was not done. This type of study is more relevant for diagnostic imaging or interpretation where different readers evaluate cases. The PAXgene™ Blood RNA System is a pre-analytical device for RNA purification.

6. Standalone (Algorithm Only Without Human-in-the-Loop Performance) Study

The study described could be considered a form of "standalone" evaluation in that it evaluates the automated RNA purification process (the "algorithm" or automated protocol) on QIAGEN's QIAcube in isolation, without involving human interpretation of the purification process itself. However, "standalone" usually refers to the performance of a diagnostic algorithm independent of human input in the diagnostic decision. Here, the "performance" is the quality and yield of the RNA. The document focuses on demonstrating that the RNA produced by the automated system is equivalent to that produced by the manual system of the predicate device, for subsequent molecular diagnostic testing.

7. Type of Ground Truth Used

The "ground truth" in this context is the quality and quantity of RNA deemed acceptable for downstream molecular diagnostic applications, specifically RT-PCR, as well as the equivalence to the RNA produced by the predicate manual method. This is established through the "Design Control activities" and presumably involved analytical measurements (e.g., RNA yield, purity, integrity, and successful amplification of target transcripts like cfos and IL1B). It is an analytical validation against established laboratory standards and the performance of the predicate.

8. Sample Size for the Training Set

This information is not applicable/not provided. The PAXgene™ Blood RNA System is a chemical and mechanical system for RNA purification; it does not involve machine learning or AI models that require a "training set" in the conventional sense. The "training" here would be the development and optimization of the automated protocol itself.

9. How the Ground Truth for the Training Set Was Established

This information is not applicable/not provided for the same reasons as point 8. The "ground truth" for developing the automated protocol would have been achieving optimal RNA quality and yield comparable to the manual method, established through iterative testing and analytical measurements.

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The PAXgene™ Blood RNA System consists of a blood collection tube (PAXgene™ Blood RNA Tube) and nucleic acid purification kit (PAXgene™ Blood RNA Kit). It is intended for the collection, storage, and transport of blood and stabilization of intracellular RNA in a closed tube and subsequent isolation and purification of host RNA from whole blood for RT-PCR used in molecular diagnostic testing.

Performance characteristics for the PAXgene™ Blood RNA System have only been established with "cfos and IL1B." The user is responsible for establishing appropriate PAXgene™ Blood RNA System performance characteristics for other target transcripts.

The PAXgene™ Blood RNA System consists of:

• the PAXgene™ Blood RNA tubes and .
• the PAXgene™ Blood RNA kit. .

The PAXgene™ Blood RNA tube is of a sterile, plastic, evacuated blood collection tube containing stabilization solution (tetradecyl trimethyl-ammonium oxalate and tartaric acid. These components serve to lyse cells, protect RNA molecules from degradation by ribonucleases (RNases) and prevent induction of gene expression.

The kit consists of 5 aqueous buffer solutions for resuspending, binding, washing, and eluting RNA, RNase-free water, proteinase K, an RNase-Free DNase set, spin columns, microcentrifuge tubes, processing tubes, and secondary blood collection tube closures.

The provided text details the performance characteristics and studies for the PAXgene™ Blood RNA System, intended for the collection, storage, and purification of intracellular RNA from whole blood for RT-PCR.

1. Table of Acceptance Criteria and Reported Device Performance

• Repeatability (quadruplicate per donor pool, per lot/user): Min/max % CV 3.4-28.8, overall 11.9%
• Reproducibility (per user, between lots): Min/max % CV 8.7-20.1, overall 14.9%
• Reproducibility (between lots and users): Min/max % CV 8.7-23.1, overall 16.4% |
  | PAXgene Tube Stability (25°C) | Draw volume, liquid additive volume, closure performance, pH, conductivity, density, RNA yield, purity, CFOS/18S rRNA & IL1B/18S rRNA stability | All physical/chemical attributes and functional performance were within expected ranges for 6 months (sponsor claims 19 months based on accelerated studies) |
  | PAXgene Kit Component Stability | Recovery of input RNA, variability of recovery, degree of inhibition, pH, conductivity, density, Proteinase K & DNase I activity, bioburden | All parameters in expected ranges for 6 months real-time storage; no bioburden; acceptable performance after extreme temperature simulation |
  | RNA In Situ Stability (various temperatures/times/freeze-thaw) | RNA yield, purity, integrity (CFOS/18S rRNA, IL1B/18S rRNA) within acceptance range | All samples at all time points, temperatures, and freeze/thaw cycles were within the acceptance range (with one unspecified exception) |
  | Linearity/Reportable Range (CFOS) | 0.2 to 7.8 ng total input nucleic acid; up to 25% DNA without affecting performance | Met |
  | Linearity/Reportable Range (IL1B) | 0.1 to 7.8 ng total input nucleic acid; up to 5% DNA without affecting performance | Met |

2. Sample Sizes and Data Provenance

• Test Set (Precision/Reproducibility of RT-PCR Assays):
  • K2EDTA samples: 5 donors, 5 tubes/donor (25 tubes total), 10 ml blood/tube. RNA isolated via OIAzol and RNeasy, pooled, concentrated.
  • PAXgene samples: 48 donors, 8 tubes/donor (384 PAXgene tubes total), 2.5 ml blood/tube. RNA purified, DNase treated, concentrated, pooled.
  • Reproducibility Design: 3 different component lots, 3 different experimenters, 3 different laboratories (equipment), on 3 different days.
    • Each "run" (9 runs total) involved: 2 RNA samples (K=calibrator, T=test), each with 10 replicates. This generated 180 ΔCT values and 90 ΔΔCT values.
• Test Set (Precision/Reproducibility of PAXgene Blood RNA System - Experiment 1):
  • 14 donors (WBC: 4.8-11.0 x 10^6 cells/ml blood)
  • 12 tubes/donor (168 PAXgene tubes total)
• Test Set (Precision/Reproducibility of PAXgene Blood RNA System - Experiment 2):
  • 30 donors (WBC: 4.8-11.0 x 10^6 cells/ml blood)
  • 12 tubes/donor (360 PAXgene tubes total)
  • Blood from 3 donors pooled and aliquoted into empty tubes to create 10 donor pools with 36 tubes each.
• Test Set (RNA Purity, DNA Contamination, RNA Yield):
  • 10 donors
  • 2 PAXgene tubes/donor (20 tubes total) + 1 EDTA tube/donor (10 EDTA tubes) for WBC count.
• Test Set (RT-PCR Inhibition):
  • 22 blank eluates from columns.
  • HeLa cell RNA used as template.
• Test Set (PAXgene Tube Stability):
  • Functional tests: 60 tubes/time point (TTP) for accelerated studies (120 tubes total), 60 tubes/TTP for real-time study (810 tubes scheduled, 6 months data presented).
  • Functional performance: 10 donors per time point for RNA yield, purity, CFOS/IL1B relative levels (3 time points for blood-filled tubes storage at 18-25°C x 2 preparations = 60 measurements).
• Test Set (PAXgene Kit Component Stability):
  • Two reagent sets per time point for functional stability (4 blank eluates, 8 RNA eluates).
• Test Set (RNA In Situ Stability):
  • Multiple experiments with 10 donors each. Number of PAXgene tubes per donor varied (6, 10, 12, 14 tubes/donor), resulting in totals of 60, 100, 120, and 140 tubes for different conditions.
• Data Provenance: The studies appear to be prospective, performed by the applicant (PreAnalytiX GmbH) to demonstrate the device's performance. The applicant is based in Switzerland (GmbH). The data is generated in a lab setting, not clinical real-world data from multiple countries.

3. Number of Experts and Qualifications for Ground Truth

The document does not mention the use of experts to establish a ground truth for the "test set" in the context of diagnostic interpretation (e.g., radiologists evaluating images). This device is a sample collection and purification system, not an interpretative diagnostic device. The ground truth for its performance is instead based on quantitative measurements of RNA yield, purity, integrity, and the absence of inhibitors. These are objective measures determined by laboratory instrumentation (e.g., spectrophotometers, Q-RT-PCR machines, BioAnalyzer).

However, "experimenters" and "technicians" are mentioned:

• Precision/Reproducibility of O-RT-PCR Duplex Assays: "3 different experimenters"
• Precision/Reproducibility of PAXgene Blood RNA System (both Experiments 1 & 2): "3 technicians"

Their specific qualifications (e.g., years of experience) are not provided, but they are implied to be trained laboratory personnel.

4. Adjudication Method

Not applicable. The "ground truth" for this device is based on objective, quantifiable laboratory measurements (e.g., RNA yield, purity ratios, Ct values), not on subjective expert interpretation requiring adjudication.

5. Multi-Reader Multi-Case (MRMC) Comparative Effectiveness Study

No. An MRMC comparative effectiveness study is not applicable for this type of device (RNA collection and purification system). Such studies are typically used for diagnostic imaging or interpreted assays where human readers are involved in making diagnostic decisions, and the AI aims to assist or replace them. This device is a sample preparation tool, and its "performance" is measured analytically, not by human reader accuracy.

6. Standalone (Algorithm Only) Performance

Yes, the studies described are essentially "standalone" performance evaluations of the device and its components. The PAXgene Blood RNA System's analytical performance (e.g., RNA yield, purity, integrity) is assessed directly through laboratory assays, without human intervention in the "decision-making" loop. Its function is to prepare RNA for downstream molecular diagnostic testing (RT-PCR), meaning its performance is evaluated on its ability to produce high-quality RNA suitable for such assays. The Q-RT-PCR assays run on the RNA extracted by the system are designed to evaluate the RNA quality produced by the device, not to perform a diagnosis.

7. Type of Ground Truth Used

The ground truth used is primarily based on analytical measurements derived from standard laboratory techniques:

• Spectrophotometric measurements: Absorbance at 260 nm (for RNA yield), A260/A280 ratio (for RNA purity).
• Quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (Q-RT-PCR) assays: Using CFOS and IL1B transcripts normalized to 18S rRNA (for RNA integrity and relative transcription levels). This involves comparing threshold cycle (Ct) values.
• Electropherograms (BioAnalyzer): For RNA purity and integrity.
• Beta-actin PCR: To determine genomic DNA contamination.
• Biological assays: Proteinase K and DNase I activity tests.
• Physical and chemical property tests: pH, conductivity, density, draw volume, liquid additive volume, closure performance.
• Microbiological assays: Bioburden analysis.

8. Sample Size for the Training Set

The document does not explicitly describe a separate "training set" in the context of machine learning or AI algorithms, as this is not an AI-based device. Instead, the studies detail the performance validation of the system. The various studies use different cohorts of human donors for the collection of blood samples to assess different aspects of the device's performance (e.g., 5 donors for K2EDTA comparator, 48 donors for PAXgene in initial RT-PCR assay validation, 14 and 30 donors for system precision/reproducibility, 10 donors for purity/DNA contamination, 10 donors for each in situ stability condition).

9. How the Ground Truth for the Training Set Was Established

As mentioned above, there is no "training set" in the AI sense for this device. The establishment of "ground truth" for the various performance metrics (RNA yield, purity, integrity, etc.) is through well-established and standardized laboratory analytical methods as described in point 7. These methods themselves are considered the "gold standard" for measuring these specific biochemical and molecular parameters.

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